Occurrence, Sources, and Fate of Trichloroacetic Acid in Swiss Waters

Zweifel, Hans-Rudolf; Kinnison, David J.; Jacobsen, Jens A.; Meier, Markus; Ulrich, Markus; Schwarzenbach, René P.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1470:osafot>2.3.co;2

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Also, citric acid was found to promote chloroform formation. These results are identical with other previous studies by Müller (1996) which demonstrated that TCA could form esters with substances such as dimethoxyphenol, a model for humic acid, which subsequently decompose giving chloroform and other by-products (McCulloch, 2002). However, an apparent promotion for chloroform formation by acetic acid in our experiment was also observed.…”

Section: Table VIIIsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Several investigations of TCA concentrations in lake waters have been published. In 1992/1993 measurement of TCA concentration in Lake Greifensee, Switzerland showed an interesting variation with depth, ranging between 0.06 µg L −1 in the hypoliminion and 0.13 µg L −1 in the epilimnion (Müller et al, 1996). However, studies on the fate of TCA in lake waters have scarcely been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they didn't determine any byproduct of TCA degradation and their conclusion primarily based on concentration measurements of CAAs in natural waters. Another investigation of TCA fate in lakes is a mathematical modeling exercise performed by Müller et al (1996), which predicted TCA to persist over a >230-day period. However, the results could not be confirmed by Ellis and co-workers (2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Xiang

Jing

Zhang

et al. 2005

Water Air Soil Pollut

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In order to explore the geochemical transformation of trichloroacetic acid to chloroform in fresh waters, an experimental study by using laboratory microcosms was performed. The study confirmed the abiotic transformation of TCA to chloroform with various rate constants, ranging from approx. 3.29×10 −4 day −1 to 4.41×10 −4 day −1 , in different fresh waters at 25±1 • C. Also, an induction period (5-6 days) was observed before apparent degradation of TCA. Of the four geochemical factors including pH, oxygen, humic substances and ferric ion, the influence of lake HA, extracted from East Lake, on the transformation has been proven to be more substantial. Several model substances of HA, such as acetic acid, citric acid and β-Resorcylic acid etc., were also found to promote chloroform formation. Whilst, the results of pH effect experiments showed that higher yields of chloroform released from TCA solution occurred in the intensified alkaline media (pH = 10), an unusual condition in environment, indicating the limited effect of pH on the transformation under prevailing conditions in natural waters. According to our study, a mathematic model was built and successfully used to simulate TCA transformation to chloroform in fresh waters. Mathematic simulation demonstrates that the rates of decay for chloroform formation, after induction time, are mainly owing to rapid TCA degradation. In addition, biotic experiments indicated that fresh water algae affect TCA transformation to chloroform in varying degrees. The blue alga Anabaena cylindrica remarkably promoted chloroform formation, in weak acid media (pH = 6.5). While, the green alga Chlorella vulgari seems to indistinctively affect chloroform formation, whether in alkaline or weak acidic media. Enzyme or other byproducts of alga, such as citric acid, might play roles in the TCA transformation.

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Section: Table VIIIsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Xiang

Jing

Zhang

et al. 2005

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…The half-life of TCAA in a lake has been calculated by a dynamic mathematical model as greater than 230 d [19]. However, little is known about the stability of haloacetic acids in seawater.…”

Section: Stability Of Haloacetic Acids In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haloacetic acids have been found in various environments such as rain water [13][14][15][16][17][18][19], river water [9,19,20], and conifer needles [15,16,21,22]. The haloacetic acids released from industrial wastewater, river water, and rain water may accumulate in semienclosed water bodies such as Tokyo Bay, Japan, an area that is highly eutrophic and polluted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, sources, and stability of haloacetic acids in Tokyo Bay, Japan

Hashimoto

Azuma

Otsuki

1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The distribution and sources of haloacetic acids in seawater in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, Japan, were investigated, in view of the potential toxicity of these compounds to aquatic organisms. Haloacetic acids were extracted from water samples collected at 66 sampling stations (n ϭ 122). Concentrations of all nine haloacetic acids containing bromine and chlorine were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were high (maximum: 20.3 g/L) compared to those of the other haloacetic acids in coastal seawater. The distributions and relative concentrations of TCAA and other haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid) suggest that their sources are not identical; discharge of wastewaters containing TCAA in the bay area is probably one of the main sources of the observed high concentrations of TCAA in seawater there. The mean concentrations of haloacetic acids in water samples and the results of incubation experiments of haloacetic acids in river water and seawater suggest that TCAA is relatively stable in the aquatic environment.

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Chlorine in the Netherlands, Part II: Risk Management in Uncertainty for Chlorine

Tukker¹,

Kleijn

Voet

et al. 1997

J of Industrial Ecology

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Summary The debate over chlorine in industrialized economies has become extremely polarized in the last decade. Environmental pressure groups are striving for a virtual phaseout of chlorine and chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), because they are convinced that the risks cannot be managed. Industry argues this is not necessary because environmental risks can be controlled, nor is it feasible, because at least 60% of all firms use CHCs, produds made with CHCs, or elemental chlorine. In an attempt to give this discussion a more factual basis, the Dutch minister of environment launched a strategic study on chlorine (see Kleijn et al. I997;Tukker et al. 1995). Using all available knowledge about emissions and contemporary evaluation methods, the study found only a limited number of environmental issues outstanding related to the chlorine chain: however, it also found important uncertainties. This article describes the outstanding uncertainties in more detail. It defines which uncertainties have to be regarded as chlorine‐specific and the extent to which additional research can resolve them. For the remaining uncertainties the potential benefts of uncertainty reduction strategies are evaluted, relying mainly on the precautionary principle

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Occurrence, Sources, and Fate of Trichloroacetic Acid in Swiss Waters

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Distribution, sources, and stability of haloacetic acids in Tokyo Bay, Japan

Chlorine in the Netherlands, Part II: Risk Management in Uncertainty for Chlorine

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