Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water of the Yellow River to the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea

Lian, Maoshan; Lin, Chunye; Wu, Tingting; Xin, Ming; Gu, Xiang; Lü, Shuang; Cao, Yuanxin; Wang, Baodong; Ouyang, Wei; Liu, Xitao; He, Mengchang

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147528

Cited by 57 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…To assess ecological risk, OPE concentrations in various environments have been evaluated in numerous studies. The risk quotient (RQ) method was used to assess the ecological risk of a chemical on aquatic organisms and ecotoxicological risks of residual OPEs in water, sediment, and soils [7,27,103]. The RQ was calculated using the following equation:…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where MEC is the measured environmental concentration of OPEs in surface water, sediments, and soil; PNEC refers to the predicted no-effect concentration of OPEs; L(E)C 50 is the lowest median effective concentration value obtained from the reports; and f is a security factor, which is equal to 1000 [7,15,103]. The L(E)C 50 and PNEC values were obtained from previous studies [7,13,14].…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure

Zhi-hui

Yin

Wen

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69–10.62 µgL−1), sediments (range: 0.0197–0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706–34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites’ soil (range: 0.122–2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.

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Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure

Zhi-hui

Yin

Wen

et al. 2021

Toxics

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“…This assessment result could vary from low risk to high risk to the aquatic organisms in such an environment. Low risk is implied by 0.01 < RQ < 0.1; moderate risk by 0.1 < RQ < 1 and high risk by RQ > 1 [56,[65][66][67][68][69]. Table 3 shows some PNECs for OPFRs in different environmental matrices.…”

Section: Risk Assessment Of Opfrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Distribution and Analysis of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Environmental Systems: A Review

et al. 2022

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In recent times, there has been a cumulative apprehension regarding organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) owing to their high manufacturing and usage after brominated flame retardants were strictly regulated and banned from being distributed and used in many countries. OPFRs are known as the main organic pollutants in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. They are very dangerous to humans, plants and animals. They are also carcinogenic and some have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and fertility challenges. OPFRs are distributed into the environment through a number of processes, including the usage, improper disposal and production of materials. The solid phase extraction (SPE) method is suggested for the extraction of OPFRs from water samples since it provides high quality recoveries ranging from 67% to 105% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20%. In the same vein, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is highly advocated for the extraction of OPFRs from sediment/soil. Recoveries in the range of 78% to 105% and RSDs ranging from 3% to 8% have been reported. Hence, it is a faster method of extraction for solid samples and only demands a reduced amount of solvent, unlike other methods. The extract of OPFRs from various matrices is then followed by a clean-up of the extract using a silica gel packed column followed by the quantification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS) or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this paper, different analytical methods for the evaluation of OPFRs in different environmental samples are reviewed. The effects and toxicities of these contaminants on humans and other organisms are also discussed.

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“…Lian et al investigated the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of OPEs in waters from the Yellow River to the Laizhou Bay (Bohai Sea) in China. 188 Twelve OPEs were measured in 175 water samples. Total levels ranged from 234 to 2892 ng/L in river and estuarine water, and 88−969 ng/L in the bay water, with medians of 1016 and 297 ng/L, respectively, demonstrating that rivers were the main source of inputs to the bay.…”

Section: ■ Pharmaceuticals and Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lian et al investigated the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of OPEs in waters from the Yellow River to the Laizhou Bay (Bohai Sea) in China . Twelve OPEs were measured in 175 water samples.…”

Section: Brominated and Emerging Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%