Ocean Acidification Alters Developmental Timing and Gene Expression of Ion Transport Proteins During Larval Development in Resilient and Susceptible Lineages of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

RNAi Silencing of the Biomineralization Gene Perlucin Impairs Oyster Ability to Cope with Ocean Acidification

“…Another reason for differences between Experiments 1 and 2 is that larvae in Experiment 1 had perlucin inhibited during fertilization, whereas Experiment 2 larvae developed for 6 h with perlucin. Perlucin is involved in the initial formation of the PD1 shell [ 62 ] and is expressed within the first 24 h of development [ 22 , 63 ] in bivalve larvae. Differences observed here might indicate that perlucin is in fact crucial during the first 6 h of development.…”

Impacts of Seawater pH Buffering on the Larval Microbiome and Carry-Over Effects on Later-Life Disease Susceptibility in Pacific Oysters

“…Gimenez et al ( 22 ) also showed that the effect of soda ash pH buffering on survival of larvae at 48-h post-fertilization varied substantially across cohorts. However, it is noted that low aragonite saturation states can cause reduced shell size and shell deformities during early development ( 43 – 45 ) as well as increased developmental time due to reduced ingestion rates ( 46 ). Consequently, we acknowledge that buffering of seawater may be necessary in the first 24 to 48 h of development, but maintain that alternatives to soda ash buffering should be investigated.…”

“…An additional consideration of pH buffering for improved aragonite saturation state is the challenge posed in terms of rearing spat that are poorly suited for natural grow-out environments where regular low-pH upwelling events (and other stressor events) are becoming customary ( 17 , 19 ). Recent work has demonstrated a strong genetic basis for larval resilience to OA via development of OA-resilient lineages using pedigreed family lines ( 45 , 61 – 63 ). Thus, an arguably enhanced strategy for ensuring survival through larval stages without compromising adult health and survival is the development of selective breeding programs for improved resilience to environmental stressors.…”

“…(ii) Transcriptomics. Genes associated with early shell development ( 45 ) and bivalve immune responses ( 67 – 69 ) were selected to examine potential impacts of seawater buffering to larval shell development and immune modulation in both larvae and juveniles ( Table 2 ). mRNA expression levels of target and internal reference genes (EFU) were determined for larval samples at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 DPF ( n = 3 per treatment group per time point) and juvenile samples at 1, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation ( n = 3 per treatment group per time point).…”

Investigating the Mechanism of Low-Salinity Environmental Adaptation in Sepia esculenta Larvae through Transcriptome Profiling

“…"Ion transport" is a very common biological process in the growth and metabolism of mollusks. Through this process, mollusks can regulate the osmotic pressure of their body, and abnormal osmotic pressure can lead to the death of the organism [29][30][31]. This process was significantly enriched in the GO analysis, suggesting that low salinity can lead to abnormal osmotic pressure in S. esculenta larvae [15].…”