Oceanic bromoform sources for the tropical atmosphere

Quack, Birgit; Atlas, Elliot L.; Petrick, Gert; Stroud, V.; Schauffler, S.; Wallace, Douglas W.R.

doi:10.1029/2004gl020597

Cited by 113 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…Because coastal areas of tropical waters (like the Maritime Continent) are an important source for VSL org (16)(17)(18) and highly convective zones can transport air masses from the troposphere into the stratosphere through the TTL (19), we focus this study on observations taken over the Western Pacific (120°E−165°E) and the Eastern Pacific (187°E−268°E) (Fig. S1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Navarro

Atlas

Saiz‐Lopez

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Very short-lived brominated substances (VSLBr) are an important source of stratospheric bromine, an effective ozone destruction catalyst. However, the accurate estimation of the organic and inorganic partitioning of bromine and the input to the stratosphere remains uncertain. Here, we report near-tropopause measurements of organic brominated substances found over the tropical Pacific during the NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment campaigns. We combine aircraft observations and a chemistry−climate model to quantify the total bromine loading injected to the stratosphere. Surprisingly, despite differences in vertical transport between the Eastern and Western Pacific, VSLBr (organic + inorganic) contribute approximately similar amounts of bromine [∼6 (4−9) parts per thousand] to the stratospheric input at the tropical tropopause. These levels of bromine cause substantial ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere, and any increases in future abundances (e.g., as a result of aquaculture) will lead to larger depletions.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Navarro

Atlas

Saiz‐Lopez

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Tropical maxima in CHBr 3 concentrations have been observed in air and/or seawater in the eastern Atlantic [Penkett et al, 1985;Class and Ballschmiter, 1988;Quack et al, 2004] and Pacific Oceans [Atlas et al, 1993;Schauffler et al, 1999]. Yokouchi et al [2005] measured extremely high concentrations along the coasts of tropical islands in the Pacific, suggesting an important source from tropical macroalgae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[4] Although there is now some consensus over the total global emissions of CHBr 3 at $10 Gmol Br y À1 [Quack et al, 2004;Butler et al, 2007], the magnitude and nature of tropical sources is rather uncertain. Here we report measurements of CHBr 3 and CO made between 25°N to 25°S over the eastern Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bromoform in tropical Atlantic air from 25°N to 25°S

Carpenter¹,

Wevill²,

Hopkins³

et al. 2007

Geophysical Research Letters

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Atmospheric mixing ratios of bromoform (CHBr3) measured over the eastern Atlantic Ocean were enhanced (4 to 13 pptv) between 8–25°N, 17–21°W, in air masses advected over the NW African coast/upwelling zone. The highest mixing ratios at 8–10°N were associated with a biomass burning plume from the African savannah belt. Airborne samples taken over Nigeria showed however that biomass burning here is not a source of CHBr3. Previously reported water samples taken near to the NW African upwelling zone do not support the very high levels of atmospheric CHBr3 observed, unless there is significant surface stratification of the atmospheric boundary layer. Other potential explanations include coastal macroalgae and/or sources within continental Africa. It is important to ascertain the nature of tropical sources of CHBr3 in order to establish the mechanisms of suggested feedbacks between organic bromine and climate change.

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“…The tropical Atlantic atmosphere, in addition to being representative of remote ocean environments, is of specific major importance for the Earth's climate, ecology and biogeochemistry, yet is poorly characterised; large radiative fluxes and high water vapour concentrations lead to a high oxidative turnover. In addition, significant concentrations of reactive bromine have been observed in the tropical northeast Atlantic (Leser et al, 2003;Quack et al, 2004;Keene et al, 2009). Available evidence suggests that the primary source for reactive Br in this region is the production of sea salt aerosol and its subsequent acid-catalysed autocatalytic activation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The NERC UK SOLAS-funded Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) programme comprised three field experiments. This manuscript presentsCorrespondence to: G. McFiggans (g.mcfiggans@manchester.ac.uk) an overview of the measurements made within the two simultaneous remote experiments conducted in the tropical North Atlantic in May and June 2007. Measurements were made from two mobile and one ground-based platforms. The heavily instrumented cruise D319 on the RRS Discovery from Lisbon, Portugal to São Vicente, Cape Verde and back to Falmouth, UK was used to characterise the spatial distribution Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. of boundary layer components likely to play a role in reactive halogen chemistry. Measurements onboard the ARSF Dornier aircraft were used to allow the observations to be interpreted in the context of their vertical distribution and to confirm the interpretation of atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the Cape Verde islands. Long-term ground-based measurements at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) on São Vicente were supplemented by long-term measurements of reactive halogen species and characterisation of additional trace gas and aerosol species during the intensive experimental period.This paper presents a summary of the measurements made within the RHaMBLe remote experiments and discusses them in their meteorological and chemical context as determined from these three platforms and from additional meteorological analyses. Air always arrived at the CVAO from the North East with a range of air mass origins (European, Atlantic and North American continental). Trace gases were present at stable and fairly low concentrations with the exception of a slight increase in some anthropogenic components in air of North American origin, though NO x mixing ratios during this period remained below 20 pptv (note the non-IUPAC adoption in this manuscript of pptv and ppbv, equivalent to pmol mol −1 and nmol mol −1 to reflect common practice). Consistency with these air mass classifications is observed in the time series of soluble gas and aerosol composition measurements, with additional identification of periods of slightly elevated dust concentrations consistent with the trajectories passing over the African continent. The CVAO is shown to be broadly representative of the wider North Atlantic marine boundary layer; measurements of NO, O 3 and black carbon from the ship are consistent with a clean Northern Hemisphere marine background. Aerosol composition measurements do not indicate elevated organic material associated with clean marine air. Closer to the African coast, black carbon and NO levels start to increase, indicating greater anthropogenic influence. Lower ozone in this region is possibly associated with the increased levels of measured halocarbons, associated with the nutrient rich waters of the Mauritanian upwelling. Bromide and chloride deficits in coarse mode aerosol at both the CVAO and on D319 and th...

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Oceanic bromoform sources for the tropical atmosphere

Cited by 113 publications

References 24 publications

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer

Bromoform in tropical Atlantic air from 25°N to 25°S

Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments

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