Ocular adnexal sporotrichosis: A case series

Ramírez-Oliveros, Joaquín Felipe; Schechtman, Regina Casz; Vries, Henry J C de; Lora, Leonardo; Arinelli, Andrea; Nery, José Augusto da Costa; Freitas, Dayvison Francis Saraiva

doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.04.019

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The first case of atypical zoonotic sporotrichosis was published in 2002. Nearly half of the articles (55%; 35/64) were published in the last five years (2019-2023), which correspond to an increase of 700% in comparison with the number of publications from the first 5 years of our review (Figure 2) [13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26][27][28][29]31,32,[34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Article Searchingmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Sporotrichosis in ocular adnexa is subclassified as eyelid involvement, granulomatous conjunctivitis, Parinaud syndrome, or disorders of the lacrimal system (dacryocystitis). Intraocular sporotrichosis can be presented as endophthalmitis, granulomatous uveitis, scleritis, retinitis, choroiditis, or iridocyclitis [15,[29][30][31][32]. Nasal involvement is another manifestation of mucosal zoonotic sporotrichosis, which varies from mild to severe, progressing to a perforation of the septum [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sporothrix brasiliensis Causing Atypical Sporotrichosis in Brazil: A Systematic Review

Poester,

Xavier,

Munhoz

et al. 2024

JoF

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Zoonotic sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, has become hyperendemic and a serious public health issue in Brazil and an emerging disease throughout the world. Typical sporotrichosis is defined as fixed or lymphocutaneous lesion development, however, reports of atypical presentations have been described in hyperendemic areas, which may result in a worse prognosis. Thus, considering an increase in atypical cases and in more severe extracutaneous cases and hospitalizations reported in Brazil, we aimed to perform a systematic review to search for hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) and extracutaneous presentations associated with zoonotic sporotrichosis. A systematic review was performed, following the PRISMA guidelines to search for atypical/extracutaneous cases (mucosal, osteoarthritis, HRs, pulmonary, meningeal) of zoonotic sporotrichosis. A total of 791 published cases over 26 years (1998–2023) in eleven Brazilian states were reviewed. Most cases corresponded to a HR (47%; n = 370), followed by mucosal (32%; n = 256), multifocal (8%; n = 60), osteoarthritis (7%; n = 59), meningeal (4%; n = 32), and pulmonary (2%; n = 14) infections. When available (n = 607), the outcome was death in 7% (n = 43) of cases. Here, we show a frequent and worrisome scenario of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Brazil, with a high and dispersed incidence of atypical/extracutaneous cases throughout the Brazilian territory. Therefore, educational measures are necessary to make health professionals and the overall population aware of this fungal pathogen in Brazil as well as in other countries in the Americas.

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Section: Article Searchingmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporothrix brasiliensis Causing Atypical Sporotrichosis in Brazil: A Systematic Review

Poester,

Xavier,

Munhoz

et al. 2024

JoF

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“…Other case series in China reported 10 cases of eyelid sporotrichosis, lymphocutaneous (6 cases), fixed cutaneous (3 cases), and eyelid abscess (1 case) [28]. In Brazil, case reports of sporotrichosis in eyelids are increasing [10,26]. Isolated cases also have been reported in Mexico, Costa Rica, Japan, Argentina, Malaysia, and Australia (Table 2) [30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Sporotrichosis Palpebralmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…yeasts are made with direct or fresh examination with conventional stains including Giemsa, PAS, and Grocott (KOH (10%) or NaOH (4%) is rarely used due to poor results); the observation of yeast in cigar-shaped buds or small boats is characteristic, but infrequently seen (5-10%), except in disseminated cases and immunosuppressed patients. Cat and dog cases have many yeasts; however, this is frequent only in the ocular conjunctiva samples in human subjects [1,5,10,12,47].…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ocular infection due to Sporothrix manifests with a lesion in the ocular adnexa or the deep eyeball structures, causing endophthalmitis [8,9]. Cases of ocular sporotrichosis are rare, but reports have been increasing in recent decades [8][9][10][11][12]. Intraocular infection due to Sporothrix could be a sight-threatening condition that may result in vision loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular Sporotrichosis

Ramírez-Soto

Tirado‐Sánchez

Bonifáz

2021

JoF

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Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic mycosis predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an infection of subcutaneous tissue caused by Sporothrix fungus species, but occasionally resulting in an extracutaneous condition, including osteoarticular, pulmonary, nervous central system, and ocular disease. Cases of ocular sporotrichosis are rare, but reports have been increasing in recent decades. Ocular infections usually occur in hyperendemic areas of sporotrichosis. For its classification, anatomic criteria are used. The clinical presentation is the infection in the ocular adnexal and intraocular infection. Ocular adnexa infections include palpebral, conjunctivitis, and infections of the lacrimal sac. Intraocular infection includes exogenous or endogenous endophthalmitis. Most infections in the ocular adnexal have been reported in Brazil, China and Peru, and intraocular infections are limited to the USA and Brazil. Diagnosis is performed from Sporothrix isolation in the mycological examination from ocular or skin samples. Both sporotrichosis in the ocular adnexa and intraocular infection can mimic several infectious and non-infectious medical conditions. Ocular adnexa infections are treated with potassium iodide and itraconazole. The intraocular infection is treated with amphotericin B. This review describes the clinical findings and epidemiological, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular sporotrichosis.

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