Ocular immune privilege: a review

Koevary, Steven B.

doi:10.1016/s0953-4431(00)00041-2

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…There is zero tolerance for inflammation in the eye because the precisely constructed visual axis (cornea, lens and retina) cannot tolerate even very small alterations to its microanatomy without having sight-destroying consequences [37,38]. Therefore, parasites entering this site have an initial advantage for survival, but the invasion of the eye by parasites also contributes to the breakdown of the bloodeocular barrier that in turn facilitates the translocation of immune cells into ocular tissues, producing ocular inflammation which is crucial for parasite clearance.…”

Section: Parasites In the Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living off a fish: A trade-off between parasites and the immune system

Sitjà‐Bobadilla

2008

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

117

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Section: Parasites In the Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living off a fish: A trade-off between parasites and the immune system

Sitjà‐Bobadilla

2008

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

117

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“…Alternatively, orthotopic retinoblastoma models can be established in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent strains of mice without the need of immunosuppressive drugs, probably because of the immune privilege of the eye. 16 Tumor growth is best achieved in the eyes of immunodeficient mice but microscopic growth has been observed in the anterior chamber of heterozygote nu/ þ mice, which are immunologically normal. 7 Thus, taking into consideration that orthotopic models are more reliable than subcutaneous ones for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and toxicity, we decided to establish an orthotopic model using both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice.…”

Section: Discussion Heterotopic Versus Orthotopic Xenograft Models Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for the Most Suitable Orthotopic Retinoblastoma Mouse Model in Order to Characterize the Tumoral Development

Lemaître

Poyer

Marco

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Because retinoblastoma therapies have many adverse effects, new approaches must be developed and evaluated on animal models. We describe orthotopic xenograft models of retinoblastoma using different strains of mice, suitable for this purpose. METHODS.Human retinoblastoma tumors were established on immunodeficient mice by subcutaneous engraftment of tumors from enucleated eyes. The orthotopic model was obtained by subretinal injections of suspension cells into the right eye of immunodeficient (Swiss-nude, severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID]) and immunocompetent mice (C57BL/6N, B6Albino). In vivo tumor growth was monitored by fundus and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging and compared with histology. RESULTS.Retinal and vitreal tumor growth was achieved both in immunocompetent and immunodeficient strains after the subretinal injection of tumor cells. The best tumor engraftment rate was obtained in the SCID mice (68.8%). No tumor growth was observed in the C57BL/6N strain. Chronic retinal detachment may occur in most strains after the subretinal injection, in particular the Swiss-nude strain, which exhibits retinal degeneration.CONCLUSIONS. The setting up of an orthotopic mouse model depends mainly on the choice of the engrafted cells (cell lines or patient-derived xenografts) but it can also depend on the xenografted mouse strain. Severe combined immunodeficiency mice (an immunodeficient strain) achieved the best tumor engraftment rate (68.8%). However, intraocular tumor growth was also satisfactory (50%) in the immunocompetent strain B6Albino, and this strain will allow to exploit the immune response after a tumor treatment. Both of these strains may therefore be recommended when setting up orthotopic retinoblastoma xenografts.

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“…This phenomenon may due to the fact that the eye is classified as an immune privileged site that lacks normal immune functions such as Tand B-cell proliferation, generation and activation of NK cells, development of cytotoxic T cells, and immunoglobulin production in order to minimize immunopathology from local infections (10). Thus, due to very low antibody production, antibody detection is not generally used for diagnosis of ocular infections such as mycoses (31), and our results agree, showing that serological diagnosis of ocular pythiosis is not feasible due to the high likelihood of false-negative results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemagglutination Test for Rapid Serodiagnosis of Human Pythiosis

Jindayok

Piromsontikorn

Srimuang

et al. 2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Human pythiosis is an emerging, life-threatening infectious disease, caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Thailand is an area where human pythiosis is endemic and the genetic blood disorder thalassemia is a predisposing factor. Patients with pythiosis present with arterial occlusions of the lower extremities, corneal ulcers, or chronic cutaneous infections. Diagnosis relies on time-consuming, relatively insensitive tests such as culture identification and immunodiffusion assay. Most patients undergo surgical removal of infected organs, and many die from the infection. Delayed diagnosis results in a poor prognosis. Here, we describe a hemagglutination (HA) test for rapid diagnosis of human pythiosis. Sheep red blood cells were coated with P. insidiosum protein extract and used in duplicated detection assays using serum samples from 33 patients with vascular (n ‫؍‬ 27), cutaneous (n ‫؍‬ 2), or ocular (n ‫؍‬ 4) pythiosis and serum samples from 289 control patients with other infectious diseases (n ‫؍‬ 77), with highly positive antinuclear antibody (n ‫؍‬ 5), with thalassemia (n ‫؍‬ 21), or with no known disorder (i.e., healthy blood donors) (n ‫؍‬ 186). Based on receiver-operating characteristic analysis, a serum titer of 1:160 was selected as the cutoff point for the HA test. Serum samples that generated HA at the cutoff titer were read as positive, while samples that did not were read as negative. Positive results were obtained with the serum samples of all patients with vascular and cutaneous pythiosis and with two serum samples from the control group. Negative results were obtained with serum samples from all ocular pythiosis patients and the 287 remaining serum samples from the control group. Sensitivity and specificity of the HA were 88% and 99%, respectively. In conclusion, the HA test for detection of anti-Pythium antibodies is a simple, rapid, and reliable test for serodiagnosis of vascular and cutaneous pythiosis.

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Ocular immune privilege: a review

Cited by 25 publications

References 49 publications

Living off a fish: A trade-off between parasites and the immune system

Living off a fish: A trade-off between parasites and the immune system

Looking for the Most Suitable Orthotopic Retinoblastoma Mouse Model in Order to Characterize the Tumoral Development

Hemagglutination Test for Rapid Serodiagnosis of Human Pythiosis

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