Ocular parasitosis caused by protozoan infection during travel: Focus on prevention and treatment

Izadi, Morteza; Pourazizi, Mohsen; Babaei, Mahmoud; Saffaei, Ali; Alemzadeh-Ansari, Mohammad-Hasan

doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_161_18

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Numerous other parasites, nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, as well as helminths are known to cause ocular infections [reviewed in ref ( 73 )], but most would not be classified as latent infections. However, they often induce minimal inflammation as in the case of intraocular loiasis ( 74 ) or in cases of DUSN ( 75 ) prior to onset of symptoms, and the invading parasites (e.g.…”

Section: Latent Infection As a Cause Of Infectious Uveitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Privilege Furnishes a Niche for Latent Infection

2022

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The microenvironment of the CNS (eye and brain) is fertile ground for infection if the barriers are breached. The result of pathogen invasion is often devastating destruction of tissues. In the eye, inflammation is broadly classified either as “infectious” (i.e. caused by infection) or “non-infectious”. However, increasingly, forms of intraocular inflammation (IOI), which clinically appear to be “non-infectious” turn out to be initiated by infectious agents, suggesting that pathogens have been retained in latent or persistent form within ocular tissues and have reactivated to cause overt disease. A similar pathogenesis applies to latent infections in the brain. Not all CNS tissues provide an equally protective niche while different pathogens escape detection using different strategies. This review summarises how immune privilege (IP) in the CNS may be permissive for latent infection and allow the eye and the brain to act as a reservoir of pathogens which often remain undetected for the lifetime of the host but in states of immune deficiency may be activated to cause sight- and life-threatening inflammation.

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Section: Latent Infection As a Cause Of Infectious Uveitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Privilege Furnishes a Niche for Latent Infection

2022

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“…This is because contact lenses increase the risk of infection with the pathogenic microorganisms which may be present in the water. Although generally not harmful to the skin, the respiratory or the gastrointestinal system, some pathogens which are found in the water (Acanthoamoeba protozoa) may contaminate the lens and consequently lead to corneal inflammation [34]. Travelers must also remember to follow the contact lens hygiene recommendations (this Int Marit Health 2020; 71, 1: 78-84 www.intmarhealth.pl particularly applies to extended wear contacts), i.e.…”

Section: Travelling With Contact Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye diseases in travelers

Korzeniewski

2020

International Maritime Health

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Travelling has been growing in popularity over the last several decades. Eye diseases, e.g. decreased visual acuity, inflammatory or degenerative lesions, chronic diseases or eye trauma, affect all groups of travelers. The main risk factors contributing to the manifestation or exacerbation of common ocular diseases include exposure to dry air (inside the airplane cabin or in air-conditioned hotel rooms), exposure to chlorinated or salty water (swimming/bathing in swimming pools or in the sea), and sudden changes in the weather conditions. In addition, travelers to tropical destinations are at risk of ocular diseases which are rarely seen in temperate climate, e.g. onchocerciasis, loiasis, gnatostomosis, African trypanosomosis, or trachoma. The most common condition of the eye seen in travelers is conjunctivitis; it may be either of cosmopolitan (bacterial or viral infections, allergic inflammation) or tropical etiology, e.g. arboviral infections (zika, chikungunya). Given the fact that a large proportion of the general population have decreased visual acuity and many of them wear contact lenses rather than glasses, keratitis has become a common health problem among travelers as well; the major risk factors in such cases include sleeping in contact lenses, prolonged exposure to air-conditioning, working with a computer or swimming/bathing in microbiologically contaminated water (e.g. Acanthoamoeba protozoa). Conditions affecting the cornea, conjunctiva or lens may also occur due to excessive exposure to solar radiation, especially if travelers wear glasses without a UV protection. (Int Marit Health 2020; 71, 1: 78-84)

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“…Uncooked meat contains cysts and oocysts are abundantly scattered in soil and water. After digestion of cysts/oocytes, sporozoites are released and transform into trophozoites that invade the lymphatic system and gain access to internal organs including eyes [3].Although most of the infected cases do not present eye signs, some present signs of intense necrotizing chorioretinitis that is occasionally associated with vascular occlusion [4]. Rupturing of older slow-growth cysts releases bradyzoites and leads to chorioretinitis as a result of necrotizing in ammation [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Involvements Secondary to Parasitic Infections in Iran

Shokri,

Jalalifar,

Fakhar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Objective Little is discussed about retinal changes due to intestinal parasitic infections in humans worldwide. Design: We decided to investigate the presence of retinal changes in cases with intestinal parasitic infections in case and control groups. 75 cases that were infected with at least one parasitic infection and 75 healthy controls were chosen.Methods In this study, we investigated the presence of retinal change in people with intestinal parasitic infections. All infected and healthy cases underwent an ophthalmologic exam to discover retinal salt and pepper lesions.Results Of 75 infected cases, 4 cases had retinal salt and pepper lesions. All of these cases were infected with the Giardia lamblia parasite. Two cases were of school age and two stayed-home mothers. The cases were examined after proper anti-parasite treatment and the retinal lesions were cured in only one of four cases.Conclusions Considering this point that parasitic infections are more common in children who somehow are not able to explain their vision problems, maybe it's time to pay special attention to parasitic infections in patients, especially children.

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Ocular parasitosis caused by protozoan infection during travel: Focus on prevention and treatment

Cited by 3 publications

References 72 publications

Immune Privilege Furnishes a Niche for Latent Infection

Immune Privilege Furnishes a Niche for Latent Infection

Eye diseases in travelers

Retinal Involvements Secondary to Parasitic Infections in Iran

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