Ocular Surface Disease in Birds

Griggs, Angela N.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.005

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…In addition to bacterial agents, secondary infection with fungal organisms can occur. Fungal infection of the cornea has been reported in many species of birds, including psittacines, poultry, waterfowl, cormorants and gulls, with numerous genera of causative fungal agents isolated (Willis & Wilkie 1999;Griggs 2019). A recent case series of avian mycotic keratitis included two owls (Bubo scandiacus and Strix varia) (Lucyshyn et al 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strigid herpesvirus-1 as a differential for chronic keratitis in owls

Sara Childs-Sanford,

Hopf-Dennis,

Ledbetter

2023

Bulletin

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An adult free-ranging great horned owl was referred for evaluation of chronic ulcerative keratitis in the left eye that had been treated for several months. In vivo confocal microscopy confirmed that the corneal lesion was an inactive scar, and histopathology and molecular testing of a proliferative palpebral conjunctival lesion in the same eye confirmed infection with strigid herpesvirus- 1. Resolution of the conjunctivitis occurred following the biopsy and the owl was released. Four months later the owl re-presented with presumed rodenticide poisoning, and there was no evidence of recurrence of ocular disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strigid herpesvirus-1 as a differential for chronic keratitis in owls

Sara Childs-Sanford,

Hopf-Dennis,

Ledbetter

2023

Bulletin

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“…Many different bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites have been isolated from cases of ocular surface disease in various avian species (Michelle Willis and Wilkie 1999). Given that ocular lesions occur as ndings of either local or systemic infections, in general it is hard to determine whether the isolated organism is the primary cause of the lesion or not (Griggs 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, vision disorders adversely affect the capability of these animals to adapt to their physical and social environment. While numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been isolated from diseases of the avian ocular surface (Griggs 2019), only a few studies are available on the ophthalmic parameters of several penguin species, including ocular bacterial ora, intraocular pressure, and tear production ( Suburo et al 1988;Martin 1999;Swinger et al 2009;Nesterova et al 2010;Bliss et al 2015;Sila et al 2015). In a study conducted by Swinger et al (2009), the ocular bacterial ora and ophthalmic parameters of 28 captive penguins kept at a zoo were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Michelle. Given that ocular lesions occur as ndings of either local or systemic infections, in general it is hard to determine whether the isolated organism is the primary cause of the lesion or not(Griggs 2019).As is the case with mammalian cytokines, avian cytokines are also involved in the host immune responseagainst infectious agents (Xu et al 2019). MMPs are the key effectors and regulators of in ammation, wound healing, tissue regeneration and pathogenesis (Petznick et al 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Panophthalmitis in a Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis Papua) From The Antarctic Peninsula: Evaluation of Microbiological and Histopathological Analysis Outcomes

Bayram¹,

Abay²,

Satıcıoğlu³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, it was aimed to present the results of microbiological, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses of ocular samples from an Antarctic (Ardley Island, King George Island) Gentoo penguin chick (Pygoscelis papua) with pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis in the right eye. Samples were taken from both the healthy left eye and the lesion in the right eye. Conventional culture methods and phenotypic and molecular tests were used for bacterial isolation and identification, respectively. None of the isolates could be identified phenotypically. As a result, four of the five isolates obtained from the right eye were considered to belong to putative novel bacterial species and taxa as their similarity to GenBank data was below 98.75%. The isolates were considered to be Pasteurellaceae bacterium, Corynebacterium ciconiae, Cardiobacteriaceae bacterium, Actinomyces sp., and Dermabacteraceae bacterium. The only isolate from the left eye was identified as Psychrobacter pygoscelis. The cytological analysis demonstrated cell infiltrates composed mostly of degenerate heterophils, reactive macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Based on histopathological findings, the lesion was defined as typical pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the granuloma was positive for TNF-α, IL-4, MMP-9, IL-1β, and IL-6. This is the first documented report of unilateral pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis in a Gentoo penguin chick, living in its natural habitat in Antarctica. This report also describes the isolation of four bacteria from the infected eye, which are considered to belong to novel Genus, species, or taxa. The primary bacterial pathogen that caused the ocular lesion was not able to be detected and remains unclear.

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“…Recently, a report showed that a bacterial eye disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) suggested that avian OM could activate an extensive immune response against microbial infection (11). The immune functions of OM in birds and mammals have been extensively studied (12,13), whereas few studies describe the immune response to bacterial infection within OM of teleost fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the dynamic immune responses within the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after infection with Flavobacterium columnare

Kong,

Yang,

Ding

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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The eye of vertebrates is constantly faced with numerous challenges from aquatic or airborne pathogens. As a crucial first line of defense, the ocular mucosa (OM) protects the visual organ from external threats in vertebrates such as birds and mammals. However, the understanding of ocular mucosal immunity in early vertebrates, such as teleost fish, remains limited, particularly concerning their resistance to bacterial infections. To gain insights into the pivotal role of the OM in antibacterial immunity among teleost fish, we developed a bacterial infection model using Flavobacterium columnare in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Here the qPCR and immunofluorescence results showed that F. columnare could invade trout OM, suggesting that the OM could be a primary target and barrier for the bacteria. Moreover, immune-related genes (il-6, il-8, il-11, cxcl10, nod1, il1-b, igm, igt, etc.) were upregulated in the OM of trout following F. columnare infection, as confirmed by qPCR, which was further proved through RNA-seq. The results of transcriptome analyses showed that bacterial infection critically triggers a robust immune response, including innate, and adaptive immune-related signaling pathways such as Toll-like, NOD-like, and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and immune network for IgA production, which underscores the immune role of the OM in bacterial infection. Interestingly, a substantial reduction in the expression of genes associated with visual function was observed after infection, indicating that bacterial infection could impact ocular function. Overall, our findings have unveiled a robust mucosal immune response to bacterial infection in the teleost OM for the first time, providing valuable insights for future research into the mechanisms and functions of ocular mucosal immunity in early vertebrate species.

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Ocular Surface Disease in Birds

Cited by 10 publications

References 99 publications

Strigid herpesvirus-1 as a differential for chronic keratitis in owls

Strigid herpesvirus-1 as a differential for chronic keratitis in owls

Panophthalmitis in a Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis Papua) From The Antarctic Peninsula: Evaluation of Microbiological and Histopathological Analysis Outcomes

Elucidating the dynamic immune responses within the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after infection with Flavobacterium columnare

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