Oil based nanocarrier system for transdermal delivery of ropinirole: A mechanistic, pharmacokinetic and biochemical investigation

Drug development in Parkinson's disease: From emerging molecules to innovative drug delivery systems

“…Azeem et al [26] developed a nanoemulsion gel for ropinirole transdermal delivery. Pharmacokinetic studies using different nanoemulsions revealed significantly greater drug release, absorption and bioavailability from the DDS compared to the conventional gel and to the orally administered marketed drug tablet suspension.…”

Novel lecithin-integrated liquid crystalline nanogels for enhanced cutaneous targeting of terconazole: development, in vitro and in vivo studies

“…The photomicrograph of formalin skin samples along with the apparent signs of skin irritation (severe erythema) observed upon visual examination of the skin specimens confirmed the irritation potential of formalin. 56 It was worthy to note that the histological samples of the optimized placebo organogel and the medicated gel were nearly similar. They showed skin structure more or less similar to skin treated with the negative control ( Figure 11).…”

“…The dermis layer of the optimized organogels was devoid of any inflammatory cells confirming their nonirritant effect on skin. 56 Whereas, the application of these nano-based organogels caused a change in the SC where an increase in the overall thickness of the SC was observed at high-power lenses (×400) as depicted in Figure 11C and D, respectively. This might be one of the possible contributing factors by which lecithin nanogels increased the permeation of Tr into the skin.…”

“…The erythemal scores were recorded (ranging from 0 to 4) on the basis of the degree of redness as follows: no redness =0; slight redness (barely perceptible-light pink) =1; moderate redness (dark pink) =2; moderate to severe redness (light red) =3; and severe redness (extreme erythema) =4 grade. 54 On the third day, animals were sacrificed, and the skin was cut and processed as reported by Azeem et al 56 Briefly, specimens from control groups and the test group were fixed in 10% (v/v) buffered formalin. Subsequently, each tissue was rinsed thoroughly with water, dehydrated using a graded series of alcohols, embedded in paraffin wax, and microtomed.…”

Critical evaluation of biodegradable polymers used in nanodrugs

“…Thus, a new water-soluble PLGA-coated curcumin nanoparticle has been successfully synthesized and coupled with Tet-1 peptide, giving neuron affinity to the nanoparticles. 94 Other formulations designed to treat neurodegenerative disorders include chitosan nanoparticles loaded with subfragments of amyloid-beta, which permeated the blood-brain barrier and were nonimmunogenic; 95 a transdermal nanoemulsion gel containing ropinirole to treat Parkinson's disease, which improved the relative bioavailability of the drug with no toxicity; 96 and dopamine incorporated into a smart nanocrystal conjugated with PEG and covered by a carbohydrate shell allowing recognition of glucose transporter 1. 97 Detailed reviews on current nanotechnology-based delivery systems applied to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have been recently published.…”