Olfaction During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period

Fornazieri, Marco Aurélio; Prina, Douglas Manuel Carrapeiro; Favoreto, João Paulo Maximiano; Silva, Kleber Rodrigues e; Ueda, Denis Massatsugu; Pinna, Fábio de Rezende; Voegels, Richard Louis; Cameron, Leslie; Doty, Richard L.

doi:10.1007/s12078-019-09259-7

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The results of the present study are in accord with most of the literature on women's sense of smell during pregnancy. Despite anecdotal evidence and self‐reported data, studies based on objective olfactory assessment do not confirm changes in olfactory sensitivity in pregnancy (Albaugh et al., 2022 ; Cameron, 2007 , 2014 ; Fornazieri et al., 2019 ; Gilbert & Wysocki, 1991 ; Kölble et al., 2001 ; Laska et al., 1996 ). Here, we strengthen these findings by demonstrating no differences in electrophysiological response to olfactory stimuli in pregnant versus non‐pregnant women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, to date, no studies among the few conducted with standardized and validated olfactory tests like the Sniffin’ Sticks (Hummel et al., 1997 ; Oleszkiewicz et al., 2019 ) or the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT; Doty et al., 1984 ) have demonstrated an enhancement in olfactory function in pregnancy, while some indicated olfactory impairment or hyposmia (Ochsenbein‐Kölble et al., 2007 ; Savovic et al., 2002 ; Şimşek et al., 2021 ; Tan et al., 2020 ; Yasar et al., 2016 ). On the other hand, several studies reported no differences in any olfactory measure between pregnant and non‐pregnant women (Cameron, 2007 , 2014 ; Fornazieri et al., 2019 ; Gilbert & Wysocki, 1991 ; Kölble et al., 2001 ; Laska et al., 1996 ). Recently, Albaugh et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity

Sabiniewicz,

Pieniak,

Hummel

2024

Brain and Behavior

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IntroductionChemosensory function in pregnant women is far from being fully understood due to the lack of data and inconsistencies between the results of self‐reports and objective studies.MethodsIn the present study in pregnant and non‐pregnant women (npregnant = 14, nnon‐pregnant = 13), we measured EEG‐derived electrophysiological response measures supported by psychophysical olfactory and trigeminal tests.ResultsResults indicate that the olfactory event‐related potential amplitudes or latencies of the P1, N1, and P2 components remain unchanged in pregnant women. In accordance with these findings, no difference was observed between pregnant and non‐pregnant women in psychophysical olfactory tests. However, pregnant women displayed a lower degree of sensitivity to trigeminal stimuli compared to non‐pregnant controls, which was also reflected in the electrophysiological responses to trigeminal stimuli.ConclusionCounterintuitive as they may seem, our findings demonstrate a “flattening” of chemosomatosensory responses. Psychological processes occurring during pregnancy, such as changes in socioemotional perception of odors resulting from the diminished stress response, may provide a background to these results. Overall, the present results indicate the absence of major differences between non‐pregnant and pregnant women in terms of measured olfactory function though chemosomatosensory function of the pregnant women appears to be decreased.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity

Sabiniewicz,

Pieniak,

Hummel

2024

Brain and Behavior

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“…Pregnant women with morning sickness perceive the smell of food to be unpleasant. This does not necessarily correspond to a lowered threshold of olfactory senses; discrimination ability is undermined for some odorant stimuli ( 71 ). Unusual olfactory perception in ASC seems to be similar, reflecting a hyperreaction to perceived stimuli, but not necessarily the manifestation of heightened sensitivity ( 76 ).…”

Section: Expectation Mismatch On Perceptual Input Will Lead To Uneven...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess

Sakaguchi,

Tawata

2024

Front. Endocrinol.

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Syndromic autism spectrum conditions (ASC), such as Klinefelter syndrome, also manifest hypogonadism. Compared to the popular Extreme Male Brain theory, the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model explains the connection between ASC, savant traits, and giftedness more seamlessly, and their co-emergence with atypical sexual differentiation. Overexcitability of primary sensory inputs generates a relative enhancement of local to global processing of stimuli, hindering the abstraction of communication signals, in contrast to the extraordinary local information processing skills in some individuals. Weaker inhibitory function through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and the atypicality of synapse formation lead to this difference, and the formation of unique neural circuits that process external information. Additionally, deficiency in monitoring inner sensory information leads to alexithymia (inability to distinguish one’s own emotions), which can be caused by hypoactivity of estrogen and oxytocin in the interoceptive neural circuits, comprising the anterior insular and cingulate gyri. These areas are also part of the Salience Network, which switches between the Central Executive Network for external tasks and the Default Mode Network for self-referential mind wandering. Exploring the possibility that estrogen deficiency since early development interrupts GABA shift, causing sensory processing atypicality, it helps to evaluate the co-occurrence of ASC with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia based on phenotypic and physiological bases. It also provides clues for understanding the common underpinnings of these neurodevelopmental disorders and gifted populations.

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“…According to the research done by Fornazieri et all, in 2019 [21], the results of studies in pregnant and puerperal women, and non-pregnant women, were taken into consideration. The examination was performed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT).…”

Section: -The Influence Of Pregnancy On Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fornazieri [21] shows ratings of the pleasantness and intensity of common odors, such as coffee, smoke, clove and baby powder smells between medical examinations, pregnant, and postpartum women. It showed that only coffee and clove were rated differently between pregnant and nonpregnant women; coffee, as less pleasant in the first trimester and more intense in the puerperium, second and third trimester, and clove as less pleasant in the second trimester.…”

Section: -The Influence Of Pregnancy On Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Smell and Sensuality

Clarós¹,

Cygan²,

A³

et al. 2021

JCO

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When thinking of smell, we usually consider it only as one of the five senses. Compared to the rest of senses, smell has been underestimated. By conducting a research, we will be able to discover how mistaken we are. The human sense of smell is more powerful than it's usually given credit for and plays a major role in human health and behavior than many experts in the field are aware of the sense of smell is present in our daily activities and, depending on the gender, perception may differ, as well as from the anatomical structure of the olfactory organ between genders to the stimulus of the odor. The fragrances determine our everyday food choices, places where we choose to spend with our life partner. Scents can determine our sexual behavior, in building infant-parent connection and create our habits as well. It can also warn us against the selection of food, persons, also death. In this case, the loss of smell can be related with an olfactory organ dysfunction, but as well can have an endocrine, genetic or psychical basis. The olfactory dysfunction can change our habits and basically our whole life. It is irrefutable that while talking about smell which we consider as one of the senses, we can talk about sensuality which broadly covers the relationship between smell and perception of reality. Sensuality in a general sense can be defined as the perception of the surrounding things through the senses, as sensory pleasure, and unlike sexuality, which can be translated as the reception of biological, psychological and physical stimuli. Aim of the study: Currently all of our senses are mostly well known. We are trying to consider the topic from many different sides to make ourselves more and more advanced. We are trying to unite a couple of subjects to prove that we can connect one with another to explore how advanced our organism is. In this research we are trying to look closely at the two different topics and glue them together. Trying to improve and update the connection between the sense of smell and sensuality. This is possible due to the relationship between the smell and the part of our brain responsible for memories and memory, i.e. the limbic system. In this way, we can process the aroma stimulus into memories, we associate smells with specific situations, places, people or things [1]. Therefore, the objectives we have in this study are the following: The nose as an olfactory organ and the anatomical differences as to structure; the olfactory system is strictly connected with the sense of smell; sex, as a gender, something that make us different from each other; physical and psychological disorders and influence of smell. Taking into consideration the amount of work and research on the sense of smell and the still uncertain issues related to it, it is certain how important it is for life and science to fully understand its properties. Over time, with the development of science and technology, there is an increasing wish to learn about such a complicated machine as the human body. Material and methods: In the first part of this research, we will gather all the information that is commonly available so far in the international bibliography, as well as the achievements and utilities obtained to date. Following we will analyse all the new concepts that exist on the topic of sense of smell in connection with sex and sensuality, also how the smell can change due to various disorders and try to summarise it based on the latest research.

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Olfaction During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity

Pregnant women exhibit decreased trigeminal sensitivity

Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess

An Update on Smell and Sensuality

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