Olive oil supplemented with menaquinone-7 significantly affects osteocalcin carboxylation

Brugè, Francesca; Bacchetti, Tiziana; Principi, Federica; Littarru, Gian Paolo; Tiano, Luca

doi:10.1017/s0007114511001425

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is in-line with previous published works, which indicated nutritional doses of MK-7 (45–90 μg/day) to be effective for carboxylation of osteocalcin [16,17]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women

Sato¹,

Schurgers

Uenishi

2012

Nutr J

132

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BackgroundVitamin K2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women.FindingsSingle dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects.ConclusionsWe conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues.

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“…This is in-line with previous published works, which indicated nutritional doses of MK-7 (45–90 μg/day) to be effective for carboxylation of osteocalcin [16,17]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women

Sato¹,

Schurgers

Uenishi

2012

Nutr J

132

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“…However, data are limited, since the HPLC and MS techniques are limited to a few qualified laboratories and the long-chain menaquinones are often below the detection limit in the circulation when measured in the general population. Only a few studies have measured plasma menaquinones in response to the intake of individual menaquinones, and these have been limited to MK-7 or MK-4 supplementation ( 13 , 27 , 54 ) . For plasma MK-7, two studies showed a clear dose–response effect on circulating MK-7 concentrations after supplementation with doses ranging between 45 and 420 μg ( 13 , 54 ) .…”

Section: The Amount Of Menaquinones Required To Prevent Deficiency Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few studies have measured plasma menaquinones in response to the intake of individual menaquinones, and these have been limited to MK-7 or MK-4 supplementation ( 13 , 27 , 54 ) . For plasma MK-7, two studies showed a clear dose–response effect on circulating MK-7 concentrations after supplementation with doses ranging between 45 and 420 μg ( 13 , 54 ) . In contrast, MK-4 was not detected in the circulation following a single dose of 420 μg ( 27 ) .…”

Section: The Amount Of Menaquinones Required To Prevent Deficiency Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of menaquinones (vitamin K₂) in human health

et al. 2013

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Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K 2 , may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K 1 . Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25 % of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.

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“…14,15 Several studies have examined the effect of MK-7 supplementation on the carboxylation of OC and MGP; this research has found a dose-dependent relationship between the quantity of MK-7 and the carboxylation of OC and MGP. [15][16][17][18][19][20] The daily amount of MK-7 required to influence carboxylation of OC and MGP has been found to vary from 45 µg to 360 µg. [15][16][17][18][19][20] This effect is believed to have clinical significance due to the role that these proteins play in bone and the cardiovascular system.…”

Section: Menaquinone Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17][18][19][20] The daily amount of MK-7 required to influence carboxylation of OC and MGP has been found to vary from 45 µg to 360 µg. [15][16][17][18][19][20] This effect is believed to have clinical significance due to the role that these proteins play in bone and the cardiovascular system. High levels of dephospho-uncarboxylated MGP (du-MGP) and uncarboxylated OC (uOC) have been associated with arterial stiffness and an increased risk of fractures.…”

Section: Menaquinone Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%