On confident men and rational women: It’s all on your mind(set)

Overconfidence, omens and gender heterogeneity: Results from a field experiment

“…This would help them to give the right weight to both negative and positive aspects and improve their decision making process. A similar strategy is also suggested by Hügelschäfer and Achtziger (2014), who show that inducing an implemental mindset may help women be more confident about their own abilities.…”

A self-regulatory approach to rational decisions: The implemental mindset optimizes economic decision making in situations requiring belief updating

“…These earlier results indicated that information search was more intense and information processing more thorough in the implemental mindset compared to the deliberative mindset. Together with other processes that were instigated by the implemental mindset (e.g., more confidence in one's cognitive skills: Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, ; the induction of a learning mode when making decisions under uncertainty with success/failure feedback: Rahn et al, ; higher self‐esteem and optimism: Taylor & Gollwitzer, ), decision processes were supported in a way that they increased decision performance. Hence, when facing conflicts between Bayes' rule and the reinforcement heuristic, participants in an implemental mindset did better in integrating all available information according to Bayes’ rule and did not rely on a subset of information (win/loss feedback) only what would have resulted in high rates of reinforcement errors.…”

“…In order to induce the deliberative and implemental mindsets, we used the classical method by Gollwitzer and Kinney (), which has been frequently used in previous studies (e.g., Bayer & Gollwitzer, ; Gollwitzer & Bayer, ; Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, ; Rahn et al, ). For the neutral mindset manipulation, we followed Harmon‐Jones and Harmon‐Jones () and Henderson et al ().…”

“…The present study investigated whether certain mindsets (certain cognitive orientations that can be induced experimentally) could achieve this. Specifically, we explored the effects of the deliberative and the implemental mindset on decision making (Gollwitzer, ; Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, ), which will be described in the following section.…”

“…In support of striving for this goal, individuals in an implemental mindset tend to exhibit selective and biased information processing by concentrating on information on the feasibility of this goal, while ignoring information about the desirability and information that might hint at failing in goal striving (Gollwitzer, ). Cognitions in an implemental mindset are characterized by optimism and confidence in own skills (e.g., Gagné & Lydon, ; Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, ), which leads to an increased motivation to act on the respective goal (e.g., Brandstätter, Giesinger, Job, & Frank, ; Taylor & Gollwitzer, ). Recently, Rahn et al () found eye‐tracking evidence suggesting increased levels of achievement motivation in the implemental mindset.…”