On-line spectroscopic and spectrometric methods for the determination of metal species in industrial processes☆

Monkhouse, P.

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2010.05.002

Cited by 75 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 332 publications

(359 reference statements)

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“…Such measurements are relevant for fuel-quality assessments in terms of alkali-chloride formation, 1 operating conditions adjustments, and also the monitoring of the effects of alkali chloride reduction concepts, e.g., by addition of suitable additives. 2,3 Measurements can be performed with different optical or spectroscopic techniques and Monkhouse 4 has made a thorough review of online measurements using such methods on alkali metal species. While quantitative species concentrations in principle can be achieved by evaluation of measurements using the literature data for necessary physical quantities, e.g., absorption cross sections, for many cases, calibration under well-defined experimental conditions is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an alkali chloride vapour-generating apparatus for calibration of ultraviolet absorption measurements

Leffler

Brackmann

Berg

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A novel design of alkali chloride vapour-generating cell has been developed, which can serve as a calibration cell for quantitative ultraviolet absorption concentration measurements and meticulous spectral investigations of alkali compounds. The calibration cell was designed to provide alkali vapour of well-controlled concentrations and temperatures, and consisted of a sealed quartz cell measuring 0.4 m in length with a temperature-controlled reservoir containing solid alkali salt. The cell was placed in a furnace and the alkali vapours generated from the reservoir have direct access to the measuring chamber. Investigations of potassium chloride (KCl) were made on sublimated vapour at temperatures 650, 700, 750, 780, and 800 °C while the reservoir temperature was kept 50 °C lower to avoid condensation. The cell provides stable KCl vapour pressures, and the furnace provides a homogenous temperature profile along the cell. KCl vapour pressures are well characterised and conform the base for determination of the KCl concentration in the cell. The alkali chloride levels matched the concentration range of the absorption setup and indicated a previously employed calibration method to overestimate KCl concentrations. The KCl absorption cross sections for wavelengths λ=197.6 nm and λ=246.2 nm were calculated to be 3.4 × 10−17 and 2.9 × 10−17 cm2/molecule, respectively. The absorption cross section spectra did not show any structural differences with increasing temperature, which could indicate influence of dimers or significant changes of the population in the KCl vibrational states. The KCl absorption cross sections thus did not show any temperature dependence in the temperature region of 700–800 °C. Moreover, the applicability of the calibration cell for measurement of other alkali chlorides and hydroxides is discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an alkali chloride vapour-generating apparatus for calibration of ultraviolet absorption measurements

Leffler

Brackmann

Berg

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Flame spectra are classified depending on the energy distribution of continuous and discontinuous spectra [12]. For continuous spectra, the emitted or absorbed energy is distributed in a continuous spectrum over a wide wavelength region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrometer-Based Line-of-Sight Temperature Measurements during Alkali-Pulverized Coal Combustion in a Power Station Boiler

Yan

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:A portable spectrometer system that simultaneously measures the temperature, emissivity, and radiation intensity of an alkali metal was used in a 1000 MW coal-fired power plant boiler furnace. A calibrated fiber-optic spectrometer system was applied to obtain the radiation intensity of the flame. A simple method based on polynomial fitting was used to separate the continuous baseline from the measured flame spectra that contained both continuous and discontinuous bands. Nine synthetic spectra that included the baseline, noise, and three simulated discontinuous bands based on a Gaussian function were created to test the accuracy of the separation method. The accuracy of the estimated continuous baseline was evaluated by the goodness-of-fit coefficient quality metric. The results indicated good spectral matching for the selected profiles. The soot emissivity model by Hottel and Broughton was employed to calculate temperature and emissivity. The influence of discontinuous emission spectra on the temperature and emissivity calculations was evaluated. The results showed that the maximum difference of the measurement points of the calculated temperature was only 6 K and that the relative difference in emissivity among the measurement points was less than 5%. In addition, a comparison between the actual intensity of the alkali metal and the calculated temperature indicated that the change in the radiation intensity of the alkali metal followed the trend of the calculated temperature. This study serves as a preliminary investigation for measuring gas-phase alkali metal concentrations in a furnace.

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“…Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile elemental analysis technique for many types of materials [2][3][4][5][6]. In LIBS, light emitted from plasma induced by focusing high-power laser pulses onto the sample surface is collected for spectral analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ analysis of steel melt by double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a Cassegrain telescope

Sun

Cong

et al. 2015

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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On-line spectroscopic and spectrometric methods for the determination of metal species in industrial processes☆

Cited by 75 publications

References 332 publications

Development of an alkali chloride vapour-generating apparatus for calibration of ultraviolet absorption measurements

Development of an alkali chloride vapour-generating apparatus for calibration of ultraviolet absorption measurements

Spectrometer-Based Line-of-Sight Temperature Measurements during Alkali-Pulverized Coal Combustion in a Power Station Boiler

In situ analysis of steel melt by double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a Cassegrain telescope

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