On LoRaWAN scalability: Empirical evaluation of susceptibility to inter-network interference

Mikhaylov, Konstantin; Petäjäjärvi, Juha; Janhunen, Janne

doi:10.1109/eucnc.2017.7980757

Cited by 86 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Related work on LoRa focuses on two aspects of LoRa message collisions; the impact of collisions, and their likelihood. As the LoRaWAN protocol does not rely either on channel sensing nor on time synchronisation for collision avoidance [12], its main defence against collisions is the low data-rate of the end-devices on the network, making these collisions unlikely [13]. This assumption has In each case, if the result of the operation IS st r enдt h − DS st r enдt h is above the relevant threshold (i.e., inside the coloured areas), the desired signal will be lost.…”

Section: Coexistence Issues In Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Jamming of LoRaWAN using Commodity Hardware

Aras

Small

Ramachandran

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 14th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services

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Long range, low power networks are rapidly gaining acceptance in the Internet of Things (IoT) due to their ability to economically support long-range sensing and control applications while providing multi-year battery life. LoRa is a key example of this new class of network and is being deployed at large scale in several countries worldwide. As these networks move out of the lab and into the real world, they expose a large cyber-physical attack surface. Securing these networks is therefore both critical and urgent. This paper highlights security issues in LoRa and LoRaWAN that arise due to the choice of a robust but slow modulation type in the protocol. We exploit these issues to develop a suite of practical attacks based around selective jamming. These attacks are conducted and evaluated using commodity hardware. The paper concludes by suggesting a range of countermeasures that can be used to mitigate the attacks.Comment: Mobiquitous 2017, November 7-10, 2017, Melbourne, VIC, Australi

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Section: Coexistence Issues In Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Jamming of LoRaWAN using Commodity Hardware

Aras

Small

Ramachandran

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 14th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services

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“…It is shown that even high interference scenarios LoRa provides robust communication links. Mikhaylov et al [29] present a work to validate channel orthogonality within different SF values using testbed experiments. Also, LoRa GFSK mutual interference is evaluated by the study.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities. Several LPWANs emerged on both licensed and unlicensed bands, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and, NB-IoT are widely deployed vital technologies [3].Sigfox is an ultra-narrow band network that is patented and operated by Sigfox. Sigfox occupies 100 Hz and operates at 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz frequencies depending on the geographical regions. Technology has strict constraints on the number of packets (140 per day) and the packet size (12 bytes) to be sent. Also, LoRaWAN has similar policies to prevent network congestion allowing channels to be available only %1 duty-cycle for EU 868MHz (See Section 2.4.7). NB-IoT is an ultra-narrow band technology developed by the 3GPP group which can be adopted on GSM and LTE networks. It occupies 200 MHz bandwidth and can reach up to 200 kbps data transmission speed. Compared to LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT operated by global network operators which limit deployments of the private networks [4].An overview comparison of the three networks is shown in Table 1. When LPWAN characteristics are considered LoRaWAN becomes a strong candidate for both scientific and industrial uses cases.LoRa referrer to Long Range and a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [5].LoRaWAN is an open protocol proposed by the LoRa Alliance which enables the MAC layer for the network [6].In this study, we will introduce the technological aspects of LoRaWAN and the state of art studies fulfilled about LoRaWAN till today. LoRaWAN protocol was first released in 2015 and had a few minor revisions, the differences in the protocol has been highlighted in the relevant subsection. In the survey, we will introduce LoRaWAN in depth both technological aspects and the use cases of its different areas. We categorized literature studies as in Figure 1. Studies are classified as two main sections; network technology and the applications, each section has own sub-branches. The majority of the work is focused on the coverage tests and applicability of the technology for different fields from large scale smart city applications to personal tracking assets. However, there are still gaps in the literature where researchers can address these problems such as post-disaster communication, decentralized networks, network management, and Adaptive Data Rate.

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“…LoRaWAN collision model. The previous studies [35][36][37] have shown that communication in LoRaWAN networks is affected by both inter-and intra-SF interferences. To account for these effects, we employ the model based on the results, reported in Qadir et al 26 To determine whether a target packet is correctly received, we compare its signal power level at the GW with that of each other packet, transmitted during the same time in the same frequency channel.…”

Section: Communication Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless power transfer from unmanned aerial vehicle to low-power wide area network nodes: Performance and business prospects for LoRaWAN

Tiurlikova

Stepanov

Mikhaylov

2019

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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Supported by the remarkable progress across many technological domains, the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem demonstrates steady growth over the few past years. This growth enables a number of new exciting applications. Nonetheless, hardly one can say today that the utility of the IoT is used to its full potential. This fact is especially notable for the monitoring applications deployed in remote areas. To address the needs of these use cases, in the article we propose a solution based on the combination of three key technologies: the low-power wide area networks, the unmanned aerial vehicles, and the wireless power transfer. In the article, we first detail the novel concept of a wireless power transfer-enabled unmanned aerial vehicle employed to charge the LoRaWAN sensor nodes. Then, via extensive simulations and analysis of an illustrative LoRaWAN application, we investigate both technical and, notably, business performance indicators, and compare them against the ones for a baseline scenario with no unmanned aerial vehicle. Our results illustratively demonstrate that in the long-term perspective, the inclusion of a wireless power transfer-enabled drone may drastically reduce the system's operating expenses. At the very same time, our results highlight the limits, bottlenecks, and trade-offs related to the proposed concept, thus providing the basis and calling for further investigation.

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On LoRaWAN scalability: Empirical evaluation of susceptibility to inter-network interference

Cited by 86 publications

References 11 publications

Selective Jamming of LoRaWAN using Commodity Hardware

Selective Jamming of LoRaWAN using Commodity Hardware

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

Wireless power transfer from unmanned aerial vehicle to low-power wide area network nodes: Performance and business prospects for LoRaWAN

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