On-road and In-Laboratory Testing to Demonstrate Effects of ULSD, B20 and B99 on a Retrofit Urea-SCR Aftertreatment System

Abstract

In order to demonstrate the performance of a retrofitted selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system while also addressing the issues associated with greater use of biodiesel, a 2005 International 9200i tractor owned by the City of Santa Monica was retrofitted with a titaniavanadia-tungsten catalyst and a urea dosing system supplied by Extengine Systems, Inc. This tractor was operated under normal service conditions within the City of Santa Monica refuse collection and transportation fleet. An on-board emissions measurement system supplied by Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc., was installed on the vehicle; it measured the emissions and fuel use of the vehicle while it operated on ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD), 20% biodiesel (B20), and 99% biodiesel (B99) on consecutive days. The vehicle, with a similar aftertreatment system, was then tested at the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Los Angeles Heavy-Duty Emissions Lab and tested on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) to again assess the effects of ULSD, B20, and B99 on the performance of the urea-SCR aftertreatment system.Results from this testing showed that oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions increased by 6%-12% when the blend was increased from ULSD to B20, by 16%-35% when the blend was increased from ULSD to B99, and by 26%-27% when it was increased from B20 to B99. Particulate matter (PM) emissions decreased by 37%-50% when the blend was increased from ULSD to B20, by 71%-79% when it was increased from ULSD to B99, and by 60%-63% when it was increased from B20 to B99. The SCR system reduced NO x emissions by 64%-87%, and its performance was not affected by the use of biodiesel.

The GREET Model Expansion for Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

“…However, blends of more than 20% biodiesel with conventional diesel tend to lead to larger PM emission reductions and to larger NO x emission increases than B20 (Walkowicz et al, 2009;Hajbabaei et al, 2012). Further, the emission effects of biodiesel showed a nonlinear response to the biodiesel blending level.…”

Effects of hydrotreated vegetable oil on emissions of aerosols and gases from light-duty and medium-duty older technology engines

“…[11,12] When compared to low sulfur and ultralow sulfur diesels (LSD and ULSD), FAME biodiesel fuels were found to reduce mass emissions of total DPM and nonvolatile fractions of DPM [13–17] and to be effective strategy for reducing mass concentrations of diesel aerosols, total carbon, and elemental carbon in underground mines. [6,16] FAME biodiesels were shown to reduce emissions of CO and certain hydrocarbons.…”

Aerosols and Criteria Gases in an Underground Mine That Uses FAME Biodiesel Blends

“…The effects of FAME biodiesel and FAME biodiesel blends with petroleum diesel on regulated and non-regulated emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines have been previously extensive evaluated in the laboratory (Tsolakis, 2006; Mueller et al , 2009; Tsai et al , 2010; Hajbabaei et al , 2012) and in on-road environments (Durbin et al , 2007; Walkowicz et al , 2009). Very few studies were conducted in occupational settings to examine impact of those fuels on quality of air and risks associated with exposure of workers to aerosols and gases emitted by in-use diesel-powered vehicles (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 2006a,b; Bugarski et al , 2010; Traviss et al , 2010).…”