On Swarm Intelligence Inspired Self-Organized Networking: Its Bionic Mechanisms, Designing Principles and Optimization Approaches

Abstract

Inspired by swarm intelligence observed in social species, the artificial self-organized networking (SON) systems are expected to exhibit some intelligent features (e.g., flexibility, robustness, decentralized control, and self-evolution, etc.) that may have made social species so successful in the biosphere. Self-organized networks with swarm intelligence as one possible solution have attracted a lot of attention from both academia and industry. In this paper, we survey different aspects of bioinspired mechanisms and examine various algorithms that have been applied to artificial SON systems. The existing well-known bio-inspired algorithms such as pulse-coupled oscillators (PCO)based synchronization, ant-and/or bee-inspired cooperation and division of labor, immune systems inspired network security and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)-based multipath routing have been surveyed and compared. The main contributions of this survey include 1) providing principles and optimization approaches of variant bio-inspired algorithms, 2) surveying and comparing critical SON issues from the perspective of physicallayer, Media Access Control (MAC)-layer and network-layer operations, and 3) discussing advantages, drawbacks, and further design challenges of variant algorithms, and then identifying their new directions and applications. In consideration of the development trends of communications networks (e.g., largescale, heterogeneity, spectrum scarcity, etc.), some open research issues, including SON designing tradeoffs, Self-X capabilities in the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced systems, cognitive machine-tomachine (M2M) self-optimization, cross-layer design, resource scheduling, and power control, etc., are also discussed in this survey.

Multi-Constraint Optimized Planning of Tasks on Virtualized-Service Pool for Mission-Oriented Swarm Intelligent Systems

“…The thoughts and methods of swarm intelligence have been also applied to improve the capabilities of self-organized or adaptive systems. For instance, Zhang et al concluded the principles and optimization approaches [28], and Wong et al surveyed how to employ these techniques to enhance the learning ability of adaptive systems [29].…”

Cognitive Radio for Smart Grids: Survey of Architectures, Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms, and Networking Protocols

“…Surveys focused on CR communications in isolation have considered the general principles of CR communications [20], [26]- [30] as well as CR network structures [31]- [37]. Studies on spectrum occupancy modeling and spectrum sensing have been surveyed in [38]- [44], while mechanisms for spectrum access and radio channel resource assignment have been covered in [45]- [57].…”

An Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network Routing

“…In 2003, the US Natural Science Foundation Committee developed a sensor network research program, investment million dollars to support the basic theory of the study. Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of the United States, the University of California at Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cornell University and the University of California began to study the basic theory and key technologies of sensor networks [10].…”