On the error vector magnitude as a performance metric and comparative analysis

Four-Octave Six-Port Receiver and Its Calibration for Broadband Communications and Software Defined Radios

“…The quality of the demodulated signal will be measured in terms of the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), which is a common figure of merit in digital communications [19]. It is defined as the root-mean-square value of the difference between the measured and ideal symbols, that is:…”

“…The results show significant EVM improvements, up to 0.3 percentage points with respect to conventional AM for N = 8 filters or N = 4 with downsampling. For a Gaussian noise model and a number of received symbols greater than the alphabet length, EVM and signal to noise ratio (SNR) are related by the expression [19]:…”

“…As the quality of the demodulated signal is evaluated in terms of EVM or BER, we provide the theoretical BER versus EVM curves for QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation schemes in Figure 11 [19]. The six-port receiver is said to be a good solution for the multiband demodulation of high-speed signals, but no many experimental demodulation results proving both assumptions have been published up to now.…”

Pilot Tone Reference-Less Phase Conjugator for Phase-Modulated Retrodirective Antenna Applications

“…Measured single element EVM is approximately 2% higher than that of the 5 element array. With all five elements switched on a flat 5% EVM versus azimuth response is obtained over the azimuth range ±40, a 5% EVM equates to a BER of less than 10 -6 [8] for QPSK. …”

Error Vector Magnitude Analysis of Fading SIMO Channels Relying on MRC Reception

“…Hence, EVM is more convenient 38 for Symbol Error Rate (SER) based scenarios where multiple 39 modulation schemes are employed, as in adaptive modulation 40 [8]. Thirdly, it may be employed by a communication sys-41 tem designer for ensuring conformity with wireless standards, 42 because EVM-based specifications have already become a part 43 of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) 44 and IEEE 802.11 family of Wireless Local Area Network 45 (WLAN) standards [5], [8]. Fourthly, in experimental studies 46 the channel model used is often a proprietary channel, for which 47 no closed form expressions are available either for the BER 48 or for the EVM.…”