On the initial phase of consolidation

Høyland, Knut V.; Liferov, Pavel

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2004.09.003

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The subsequent growth is driven by the temperature gradient between the ice/atmosphere and ice/water interfaces. The same consolidation phenomenon is observed in the ridge formation (Høyland and Liferov, 2005) where the ice initially consolidates due to the stored energy (the specific heat capacity of ice), followed by the thermodynamic growth driven by the temperature gradient between boundaries. However, contrary to ridge formation, the brash ice consolidation is a repeated process after each ship passage.…”

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to ice ridges, consolidation of rubble ice provides a case that can be considered similar to that of brash ice. Studies on the initial phase of rubble ice consolidation have shown that this phase begins with the submergence of ice and ends when a thermodynamic temperature equilibrium between water and ice is reached (Høyland and Liferov, 2005). The ice growth and heat exchange between ice and water during the initial consolidation phase were found to depend on the initial rubble temperature, size of the rubble, as well as on the salinity (Høyland and others, 2001; Høyland and Liferov, 2005; Chen and Høyland, 2016; Chen and others, 2020).…”

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study estimated the convective heat flux in the initial formation phase of two pressure ridges artificially formed in Svalbard, Norway (Høyland and Liferov, 2005). A simple numerical heat flux conservation equation was used:from where the heat flux was estimated as:where φ C,r is the heat flux conducted in the atmosphere through the ridge, φ W is the heat flux transferred from the water into the ice, φ F is the heat flux generated from ice freezing and φ sp is the initial specific heat capacity stored in the ice given as:where the term V i is the rubble ice volume, T 0 is the initial temperature of the ice rubble and c i is the specific heat capacity of the ice.…”

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coefficient of proportionality between bulk salinity S and temperature in °C is x = −0.0182 °C −1 . The heat flux transfer from water to ice was estimated to equal 63 and 235 W m −2 for initial consolidation thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.32 m, respectively (Høyland and Liferov, 2005).…”

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

et al. 2021

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Brash ice forms in harbours and ship channels from frequent ship passages and the resulting freezing–breaking cycles create a unique ice formation. The brash ice accumulation over the winter season is a result of meteorological, thermodynamical and mechanical processes. A reliable brash ice growth model is an important asset when determining navigation routes through ice conditions and when establishing port ice management solutions. This review aims to describe the brash ice development and its modelling as well as the key parameters that influence the brash ice growth and its estimation. This paper summarises the brash ice growth models and the fundamental theories of level ice growth upon which these models are based, and outlines the main knowledge gaps. The results highlight the importance of porosity and piece size distribution and their effect on the consolidation process. The inclusion of the brash ice lateral movement and the side ridge formation would improve the accuracy of forecast models. Furthermore, the findings of the study identify the effect of omitting meteorological parameters such as snow and radiation, from the brash ice growth models. Their contribution to the level ice thickness suggests a significant influence on the brash ice consolidation process.

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Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brash Ice Formation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

et al. 2021

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Estimating extreme level ice and ridge thickness for offshore wind turbine design: Case study Kriegers Flak

Tikanmäki

Heinonen

2021

Wind Energy

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When designing offshore wind turbines in ice‐covered seas, site‐specific ice conditions present crucial input for the structural design. In this study, methods of estimating the maximum level ice thickness occurring once in 50 years and parameters of a design ice ridge in an area where no direct ice thickness measurements exists are presented. The site of Kriegers Flak at the Southern Baltic Sea is taken as a case study. Rather than just applying basic equations found from the standards, the method gives more detailed estimates by utilizing available ice chart information, ice reports and atlases together with measured air temperature data to estimate the starting and ending date of ice growth. The maximum level ice thickness occurring once in 50 years at the site of Kriegers Flak wind farm was estimated to be between 0.26 and 0.44 m depending on the assumptions. The effect of the studied history length, the utilized weather station and the use of snow thicknesses to the 50‐year ice thickness estimates are compared and discussed. Interaction with ice ridges was found to be a relevant but infrequent, load scenario for the site of Kriegers Flak. For this reason, a representative ridge for determining ice ridge loads is presented. The most important parameter in a ridge, the thickness of the consolidated layer, was found based on scenario analyses to be in a range between 0.43 and 0.67 m can be used to calculate ice loads against the wind turbine substructures.

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Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Sea Ice Rubble

Marchenko¹

2022

IUTAM Bookseries

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On the initial phase of consolidation

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

Estimating extreme level ice and ridge thickness for offshore wind turbine design: Case study Kriegers Flak

Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Sea Ice Rubble

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