On the Large Eddy Simulation Modelling of Water Suppression Systems Droplet Impact and Coverage Area

Cordeiro, Ivan Miguel De Cachinho; Liu, Hengrui; Yuen, Anthony; Chen, Timothy Bo Yuan; Li, Ao; Wang, Cheng; Cao, Ruifeng; Yeoh, Guan Heng

doi:10.3390/fire5050165

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…These equations represent the mathematical statement of the conservation laws of physics. Also, the CFD model stands for the basic description of the fluid flow processes [80,81]. The appropriate numerical form of the physical boundary condition depends on the mathematical form of the governing equations and numerical algorithm used [82][83][84][85].…”

Section: Cfd Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Li,

Wang,

Cen

et al. 2024

Fire

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Given the growing demand for increased energy capacity and power density in battery systems, ensuring thermal safety in lithium-ion batteries has become a significant challenge for the coming decade. Effective thermal management plays a crucial role in battery design optimization. Air-cooling temperatures in vehicles often vary from ambient due to internal ventilation, with external air potentially overheating due to vehicle malfunctions. This article highlights the efficiency of lateral side air cooling in battery packs, suggesting a need for further exploration beyond traditional front side methods. In this study, we examine the impact of three different temperature levels and two distinct air-cooling directions on the performance of an air-cooling system. Our results reveal that the air-cooling direction has a more pronounced influence compared with the air-cooling temperature. By employing an optimal air-cooling direction and ambient air-cooling temperature, it is possible to achieve a temperature reduction of approximately 5 K in the battery, which otherwise requires a 10 K decrease in the air-cooling temperature to achieve a similar effect. Therefore, we propose an empirical formula for air-cooling efficiency under various conditions, aiming to provide valuable insights into the factors affecting air-cooling systems for industrial applications toward enhancing the fire safety of battery energy storage systems.

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Section: Cfd Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Li,

Wang,

Cen

et al. 2024

Fire

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“…So, this work was primarily inspired by the available experimental research on water-mist fire suppression. It includes several studies where the discharge is released against canonical fire scenarios, both solid-(e.g., wood cribs, lithium-ion batteries) [17,18] and liquid-fueled (e.g., pool fires) [19,20], together with works on real-scale-actually large-scale and highly hazardous-scenarios [6,7,[9][10][11]. These latter works present compartments where the characteristic length-usually the room height in compartment-fire problems [21]-is of the same order of magnitude as that of saunas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Scale Experiments of Water-Mist Systems for Control and Suppression of Sauna Fires

Santangelo

Tarozzi

Tartarini

2022

Fire

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Sauna is a common fixture in many facilities; a specific fire–protection system is typically designed and installed for this application, as short circuits or direct contact with incandescent materials may result in a fire. Water mist has been recently considered as a promising option for this purpose; so, assessing its control and suppression capability in a sauna configuration has become of paramount importance for designers and engineers. To this end, an unprecedented real–scale test rig was built and instrumented with thermocouples and a hot–plate thermometer towards the evaluation of water–mist performance against various fire scenarios and, ultimately, to provide guidelines to designers. Timber benches were employed as target materials, while the fire was initiated in a wood crib. Design parameters, such as initial room temperature, location of the ignition source, nozzle–to–wall distance, and air gap between benches and wall, were varied, also including natural ventilation in a dedicated experiment. The system proved successful in controlling and containing the fire: bench damage ratio—selected as a quantitative parameter to assess water–mist performance—was consistently lower than 5%. However, extinction was not always achieved, especially under the most challenging configuration in terms of ventilation, initial room temperature, and nozzle–to–wall distance.

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The Interaction between a Liquid Combustion Front and a Fire Barrier Made of CO2 Hydrate

Gaidukova

Donskoy

Misyura

et al. 2023

Fire

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This paper presents experimental research into the propagation of a liquid fuel combustion front interacting with a fire barrier made of CO2 hydrate and ice. The combustible liquids studied here were kerosene, gasoline, Diesel fuel, oil, petroleum, and alcohol. The experiments with gas hydrate involved fire barriers based on powder and tablets. Heat and mass transfer and phase transitions in the area between the fire barrier and the combustion front were found to play a fundamental role. The liquid fuel combustion fronts propagate at a velocity ranging from 0.1 m/s to 3 m/s under natural convection. Forced convection leads to 2- to 5-fold changes in the flame propagation velocities. According to our experiments, 2–4 cm is the minimum width of a CO2 hydrate fire barrier for stopping the flame combustion front. We also determined the contribution of the gas hydrate dissociation to fire suppression and identified the conditions of the combustion front stoppage. The dimensionless processing of experimental data made them scalable to industrial applications. Finally, the experimental findings were also used to develop physical and mathematical models predicting the necessary and sufficient amount of CO2 hydrate in a fire barrier to provide the effective deceleration and stoppage of a flame combustion front.

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On the Large Eddy Simulation Modelling of Water Suppression Systems Droplet Impact and Coverage Area

Cited by 5 publications

References 54 publications

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

A Comparative Numerical Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Air-Cooling Systems towards Thermal Safety

Full-Scale Experiments of Water-Mist Systems for Control and Suppression of Sauna Fires

The Interaction between a Liquid Combustion Front and a Fire Barrier Made of CO2 Hydrate

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