On the threshold conditions for electron beam damage of asbestos amosite fibers in the transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Martin, Joannie; Beauparlant, Martin; Sauvé, Sébastien; L’Éspérance, Gilles

doi:10.1080/15459624.2016.1191638

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is in agreement with previous studies on the decrease of features in the EELS spectrum of other organic materials, 33−35 but in contrast with observations of Karuppasamy et al in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. 25 Note that Karuppasamy et al used an electron microscope operating at 120 kV, significantly decreasing the inelastic mean free path.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Quantitative Analysis of Electron Beam Damage in Organic Thin Films

Leijten

Keizer²,

With³

et al. 2017

J. Phys. Chem. C

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In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the interaction of an electron beam with polymers such as P3HT:PCBM photovoltaic nanocomposites results in electron beam damage, which is the most important factor limiting acquisition of structural or chemical data at high spatial resolution. Beam effects can vary depending on parameters such as electron dose rate, temperature during imaging, and the presence of water and oxygen in the sample. Furthermore, beam damage will occur at different length scales. To assess beam damage at the angstrom scale, we followed the intensity of P3HT and PCBM diffraction rings as a function of accumulated electron dose by acquiring dose series and varying the electron dose rate, sample preparation, and the temperature during acquisition. From this, we calculated a critical dose for diffraction experiments. In imaging mode, thin film deformation was assessed using the normalized cross-correlation coefficient, while mass loss was determined via changes in average intensity and standard deviation, also varying electron dose rate, sample preparation, and temperature during acquisition. The understanding of beam damage and the determination of critical electron doses provides a framework for future experiments to maximize the information content during the acquisition of images and diffraction patterns with (cryogenic) transmission electron microscopy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Quantitative Analysis of Electron Beam Damage in Organic Thin Films

Leijten

Keizer²,

With³

et al. 2017

J. Phys. Chem. C

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show abstract

“…According to Van Gosen et al (2013) and Ray (2020), some techniques using electron beams, such as TEM, can be less effective on zeolites, as the beam can influence the chemistry and crystal structure of the mineral. While asbestos fibers tend to be thermally stable (Martin et al, 2016), most zeolites are quite sensitive to the electron beam (Ray, 2020). Once the energy of the electron beam collides with the erionite fibers, they deform (Ray, 2020).…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global geological occurrence and character of the carcinogenic zeolite mineral, erionite: A review

et al. 2022

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As with the six regulated asbestos minerals (chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite), the zeolite mineral, erionite, can exhibit a fibrous morphology. When fibrous erionite is aerosolized and inhaled, it has been linked to cases of lung cancers, such as malignant mesothelioma. Importantly, fibrous erionite appears to be more carcinogenic than the six regulated asbestos minerals. The first health issues regarding erionite exposure were reported in Cappadocia (Turkey), and more recently, occupational exposure issues have emerged in the United States. Erionite is now classified as a Group 1 carcinogen. Thus, identifying the geological occurrence of erionite is a prudent step in determining possible exposure pathways, but a global review of the geological occurrence of erionite is currently lacking. Here, we provide a review of the >100 global locations where erionite has been reported, including: 1) geological setting of host rocks; 2) paragenetic sequence of erionite formation, including associated zeolite minerals; 3) fiber morphological properties and erionite mineral series (i.e., Ca, K, Na); and 4) a brief overview of the techniques that have been used to identify and characterize erionite. Accordingly, erionite has been found to commonly occur within two major rock types: felsic and mafic. Within felsic rocks (in particular, tuffaceous layers within lacustrine paleoenvironments), erionite is disseminated through the layer as a cementing matrix. In contrast, within mafic (i.e., basaltic) rocks, erionite is typically found within vesicles. Nevertheless, aside from detailed studies in Italy and the United States, there is a paucity of specific information on erionite geological provenance or fiber morphology. The latter issue is a significant drawback given its impact on erionite toxicity. Future erionite studies should aim to provide more detailed information, including variables such as rock type and lithological properties, quantitative geochemistry, and fiber morphology.

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Discerning Erionite from Other Zeolite Minerals During Analysis

Ray¹

2020

Environmental and Engineering Geoscience

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Erionite, a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that belongs to the zeolite group has been designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 Carcinogen on the basis of mesothelioma, a disease also resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Significant outcrops of fibrous erionite have been reported in California, North Dakota, Nevada, Oregon, and other states. For geologists and industrial hygienists dealing with mining, construction, or various aspects of community protection, it is vital to understand the basics of detecting and handling erionite, since it is similar to asbestos and can cause similar disease. There are many fibrous zeolites, and discerning erionite from these other minerals requires modifications to current asbestos analysis methods. Without these modifications, identification and quantification are questionable and could increase the likelihood of both false negatives and false positives. There is currently no published method specific to erionite analysis; without guidance standards, each laboratory has approached erionite analysis independently. With a few small but significant changes to asbestos analysis methodologies, we developed a reproducible analytical procedure for rapid identification of erionite fibers in air, bulk, and soil samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using specialized preparation techniques, energy dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) calibrations, and a liquid nitrogen cryo-holder (cold stage), we were able to overcome the difficulties associated with erionite analysis. By incorporating these changes, commercial analytical laboratories can contribute reliable data to air-exposure studies and characterization guidelines, which may help in determining regulations and further understanding the health risks of erionite.

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On the threshold conditions for electron beam damage of asbestos amosite fibers in the transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Electron Beam Damage in Organic Thin Films

Quantitative Analysis of Electron Beam Damage in Organic Thin Films

Global geological occurrence and character of the carcinogenic zeolite mineral, erionite: A review

Discerning Erionite from Other Zeolite Minerals During Analysis

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