Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus in Lung Cancer Vaccines

Abstract

Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a promising therapeutic modality via the induction of long-term immune response and reduction in adverse effects by specifically targeting tumor-associated antigens. Oncolytic virus, especially vaccinia virus (VV) is a promising cancer treatment option for effective cancer immunotherapy and thus can also be utilized in cancer vaccines. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is likely to respond to immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or cancer vaccines, since it has a high tumor mutational burden. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of VV in lung cancer treatment and discuss the potential and direction of VV-based therapeutic vaccines.

Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy Delivery Modalities

“…Vaccines are based on neoantigens that can boost the immune response against cancer cells [ 42 , 43 ]. Because of genetic instability, gene mutations occur in the coding region during carcinogenesis, resulting in the formation of proteins that are not present in normal cells.…”

Aptamers Enhance Oncolytic Viruses’ Antitumor Efficacy

“…According to the site ( accessed on 11 November 2022), by the keywords cancer and oncolytic virus, 169 clinical trial records of promising and potential viral candidates with varying recruiting statuses are found. The detailed reviews comprehensively analyzed the current advances in the development of oncolytic viruses, including those that undergo clinical and preclinical trials [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Oncolytic Viruses for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

“…The double-stranded DNA virus vaccinia virus (VV), which has a genomic length of roughly 190 kb, offers a number of features that make it a promising OVT agent [ 96 , 97 , 98 ]: (1) VV has been crucial to the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine. VV has a long history of usage in people with success, which implies that it is a secure oncolytic drug.…”

“…(2) VV has a vast genome; a significant amount of foreign DNA can be inserted without affecting the virus’s ability to reproduce. VV stays in the cell cytoplasm throughout the infectious cycle, in contrast to other groups of DNA viruses [ 97 , 98 ]. VV has been studied in a variety of human malignancies including BC [ 97 , 98 , 99 ].…”

“…VV stays in the cell cytoplasm throughout the infectious cycle, in contrast to other groups of DNA viruses [ 97 , 98 ]. VV has been studied in a variety of human malignancies including BC [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. The F4L gene, which codes for the virus’s homolog of the ribonucleotide reductase’s cell-cycle-regulated small subunit, is a crucial part of VV virulence, and viral strains lacking the F4L gene exhibit in vivo attenuation [ 50 ].…”