One Advantage of Being Polyploid: Prokaryotes of Various Phylogenetic Groups Can Grow in the Absence of an Environmental Phosphate Source at the Expense of Their High Genome Copy Numbers

Abstract

Genomic DNA has high phosphate content; therefore, monoploid prokaryotes need an external phosphate source or an internal phosphate storage polymer for replication and cell division. For two polyploid prokaryotic species, the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, it has been reported that they can grow in the absence of an external phosphate source by reducing the genome copy number per cell. To unravel whether this feature might be widespread in and typical for polyploid prokaryotes, three additional polyploid prokaryotic species were analyzed in the present study, i.e., the alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis, the gammaproteobacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, and the haloarchaeon Halobacterium salinarum. Polyploid cultures were incubated in the presence and in the absence of external phosphate, growth was recorded, and genome copy numbers per cell were quantified. Limited growth in the absence of phosphate was observed for all three species. Phosphate was added to phosphate-starved cultures to verify that the cells were still viable and growth-competent. Remarkably, stationary-phase cells grown in the absence or presence of phosphate did not become monoploid but stayed oligoploid with about five genome copies per cell. As a negative control, it was shown that monoploid Escherichia coli cultures did not exhibit any growth in the absence of phosphate. Taken together, all five polyploid prokaryotic species that have been characterized until now can grow in the absence of environmental phosphate by reducing their genome copy numbers, indicating that cell proliferation outperforms other evolutionary advantages of polyploidy.

Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila

“…Polyploid plant species have also been shown to be more invasive than closely related diploid species [98]. Similar organismal stress tolerance can be observed in unicellular organisms [99][100][101]. The human liver is the main organ to deal with toxin, thus the hepatocytes are constantly exposed to genotoxins and thus need a strong capability of stress resistance.…”