Online child exploitation: Challenges and future research directions

Hillman, Henry; Hooper, Christopher; Choo, Kim‐Kwang Raymond

doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.007

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Technology-facilitated trafficking, which is spreading in the digital world, leads to unresolved issues. Consequently, it will be challenging to prevent human trafficking activities and protect the victims [20], [22], [24]. For example, the diffusion of technology for the sex industry from the database management systems, search engine to payment [23], [25].…”

Section: B Controversial Of Technology In International Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tech Tools for Anticipating Human Trafficking in Archipelago State

Nulhaqim

Deliarnoor

Suryaningsih

2021

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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The current mitigation efforts of human trafficking fail to combat cross-border trafficking in the sea. On the other hand, most of the studies in human trafficking have not dealt with the context of transporting victims via seaport. This paper attempts to critically discuss the process and consequences of transporting victims of human trafficking via illegal seaport. Part of the objective is to propose compatible tech tools to anticipate potential victims. A qualitative approach was employed since investigating human trafficking in Riau Islands' seaports needs a robust research method. Thus, a case study is selected to focus on a single exit point phenomenon for sending migrant workers who have been identified as a group at high risk of human trafficking. Riau Islands, specifically Bintan Island and Batam Island, were selected as samples of case studies because these are critical locations for sending and repatriating victims. The current study found that an archipelago country like Indonesia deals with multifaceted challenges in combating human trafficking. Moreover, there is a significant shift in human trafficking crime from recruiting to executing due to the cyber world's invention. One unanticipated finding is that social networks and cybercrime have expanded the possibilities for supplying victims. This study contributes to research on human trafficking by introducing tech tools that may help overcome the problems.

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Section: B Controversial Of Technology In International Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tech Tools for Anticipating Human Trafficking in Archipelago State

Nulhaqim

Deliarnoor

Suryaningsih

2021

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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“…Henzey (2011) states that "current laws and enforcement strategies are insufficient to suppress child pornography production and distribution" (p. 2), which is supported by the results of this research. A major challenge to investigating and prosecuting CSAM cited in the literature is the lack of legislation or varying legislation between and across jurisdictions, specifically as CSAM is often trafficked across local jurisdictions as well as across international borders (Hillman et al 2014). This may hinder the ability of law enforcement to hold perpetrators accountable, can impact cooperation between law enforcement in various jurisdictions, and interfere with timely access to evidence when evidence is located in different jurisdictions (Hillman et al 2014).…”

Section: Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A major challenge to investigating and prosecuting CSAM cited in the literature is the lack of legislation or varying legislation between and across jurisdictions, specifically as CSAM is often trafficked across local jurisdictions as well as across international borders (Hillman et al 2014). This may hinder the ability of law enforcement to hold perpetrators accountable, can impact cooperation between law enforcement in various jurisdictions, and interfere with timely access to evidence when evidence is located in different jurisdictions (Hillman et al 2014). Lee et al (2020) note that when there is inconsistency in legal and policy frameworks, perpetrators are able to find loopholes or simply move the jurisdiction and server location where they house CSAM content.…”

Section: Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Our Laws Have Not Caught up with the Technology”: Understanding Challenges and Facilitators in Investigating and Prosecuting Child Sexual Abuse Materials in the United States

Cullen

Ernst

Dawes

et al. 2020

Laws

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With technological advances, the creation and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) has become one of the fastest growing illicit online industries in the United States. Perpetrators are becoming increasingly sophisticated and exploit cutting-edge technology, making it difficult for law enforcement to investigate and prosecute these crimes. There is limited research on best practices for investigating cases of CSAM. The aim of this research was to understand challenges and facilitators for investigating and prosecuting cases of CSAM as a foundation to develop best practices in this area. To meet these objectives, qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with participants throughout the western United States. Two major themes arose from this research: Theme 1: Challenges to investigating and prosecuting CSAM; and Theme 2: Facilitators to investigating and prosecuting CSAM. Within Theme 1, subthemes included technology and internet service providers, laws, lack of resources, and service provider mental health and well-being. Within Theme 2, subthemes included multidisciplinary teams and training. This research is a first step in understanding the experiences of law enforcement and prosecutors in addressing CSAM. Findings from this study can be used to support the development of best practices for those in the justice system investigating and prosecuting CSAM.

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“…Given the role that opportunity plays in respect to child sexual exploitation, considering the occurrence of motivated offenders who are financially motivated, weak or mostly absent guardians and easy targets, 70 Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) offers feasible and effective solutions to address the issue.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Weighting Approaches on Online Sexual Abuse of Children: Cultural Prevention or Crime-Based Enforcement?

Sofian

Pratama

Talerico³

2018

UJLC

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Online Child Sexual Exploitation (OCSE) is a form of crime against children that can be reviewed from various perspectives such as criminal law, criminology and culture. This offence is governed in several international legal instruments because perpetrators and victims are often located in different territories or have different nationalities. The Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC) is one that provides a reference in combating this crime, but this instrument has the disadvantage of not providing specific guidance in overcoming sexual crimes of children who are in the online sphere. OPSC focuses more on child pornography, whereas OCSE has evolved rapidly enough to give birth to new forms of crime that are not just child pornography. Another weakness can be found in national laws, due to the lack, or limited, response to address the issue. Therefore, a cultural approach is important to prevent and tackle this problem. This paper is aimed to weight the needs to use a Preventive Cultural approach and a Crime-Based Enforcement in addressing Online Sexual Abuse in Indonesia. It is a normative legal research that reads various primary and secondary legal materials. The study recommends that there is a need to use appropriate legal terminology and provide a clear interpretation of the terminology in national law so that these crimes can be quickly addressed. In addition, it also argued that cultural approaches may be used to prevent the occurrence of OSCE by means of involving the community and religious leaders, educating family, as well as raising the awareness of children.

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Online child exploitation: Challenges and future research directions

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Tech Tools for Anticipating Human Trafficking in Archipelago State

Tech Tools for Anticipating Human Trafficking in Archipelago State

“Our Laws Have Not Caught up with the Technology”: Understanding Challenges and Facilitators in Investigating and Prosecuting Child Sexual Abuse Materials in the United States

Weighting Approaches on Online Sexual Abuse of Children: Cultural Prevention or Crime-Based Enforcement?

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