Online Electrochemical–LC–MS Techniques for Profiling and Characterizing Metabolites and Degradants

Electrochemical and Hyphenated Electrochemical Detectors in Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Systems for Drug Compound Analysis

“…This dual serial configuration allows, e.g., the oxidative removal of interfering species. The "coulometric" detector concept is very well suited when coupled online with a mass spectrometer for electrochemical products' identification (see below) [21,27]. [53,54] PAD is an amperometric technique used essentially in an electrochemical detector operating under hydrodynamic conditions.…”

“…Although this combination has been known from a few publications for a long time, it is now reaching an interesting investigation phase thanks to the continuous and important improvements in mass spectrometry coupled to liquid flow systems. Some very attractive new applications for EC/MS, in combination with (LC) and (FIA), have recently been reviewed [20][21][22][23][55][56][57].…”

“…Detectors with low cell volume based on conductivity [11][12][13], potentiometry [14,15], amperometry (AD) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], or pulsed amperometry (PAD) [16,17] can be located online in close proximity, in a post-column configuration, to a liquid chromatographic setup or inserted as microelectrodes close to a capillary end [18,19]. A miniaturized electrolysis cell can also be part of an online setup such as in a FIA system or of a pre-or post-LC column coupled to a mass spectrometer for electrochemical product generation and characterization [20][21][22][23]. Trends are directed to miniaturize the entire flow analytical system (e.g., lab on chip) and microfabricated electrochemical sensors as ideally suited for such configurations [24][25][26].…”