Open Air Laboratories (OPAL): A community-driven research programme

Davies, L. Ceri; Bell, J.N.B.; Bone, James; Head, M.K.; Hill, Liesl; Howard, C. W.; Hobbs, Sarah J.; Jones, David T.; Power, Sally A.; Rose, Neil L.; Ryder, Claire L.; Seed, Lindsay; Stevens, G. H.; Toumi, Ralph; Voulvoulis, Nikolaos; White, Piran C. L.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.053

Cited by 58 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Direct effects on plant health of climate warming, increased pollutants and CO 2 concentrations (Kliejunas et al 2008;McElrone et al 2010;Davies et al 2011;Eastburn et al 2011) will be accompanied by the easier introduction of exotic invasive species (Chakraborty et al 2000;Lonsdale and Gibbs 2002;Ganley et al 2011;Chytrý et al 2012). Introductions of novel plant pathogens have already occurred in many regions (Brown and Hovmøller 2002;Dehnen-Schmutz et al 2010;Stenlid et al 2011; Fig.…”

Section: Interactions Among Global Change Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change on plant diseases—opinions and trends

et al. 2012

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There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases. This overview addresses the need for review of this burgeoning literature by summarizing opinions of previous reviews and trends in recent studies on the impacts of climate change on plant health. Sudden Oak Death is used as an introductory case study: Californian forests could become even more susceptible to this emerging plant disease, if spring precipitations will be accompanied by warmer temperatures, although climate shifts may also affect the current synchronicity between host cambium activity and pathogen colonization rate. A summary of observed and predicted climate changes, as well as of direct effects of climate change on pathosystems, is provided. Prediction and management of climate change effects on plant health are complicated by indirect effects and the interactions with global change drivers. Uncertainty in models of plant disease development under climate change calls for a diversity of management strategies, from more participatory approaches to interdisciplinary science. Involvement of stakeholders and scientists from outside plant pathology shows the importance of trade-offs, for example in the land-sharing vs. sparing debate. Further research is needed on climate change and plant health in mountain, boreal, Mediterranean and tropical regions, with multiple climate change factors and scenarios (including our responses to it, e.g. the assisted migration of plants), in relation to endophytes, viruses and mycorrhiza, using long-term and large-scale datasets and considering various plant disease control methods.Keywords Adaptive ecosystem management . Biotic interactions . Landscape pathology . Phytophthora ramorum . Plant disease epidemiology . Tree fungal pathogens Up to the 1990s, there was little information about climate change impacts on plant disease. For example, Eur J Plant Pathol

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Section: Interactions Among Global Change Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change on plant diseases—opinions and trends

et al. 2012

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“…The stations represent a variety of site types, including suburban, urban background, industrial, roadside and kerbside locations. Second, we analysed data from a new network of weather stations which was set up as part of the OPen Air Laboratories (OPAL) project (Davies et al, 2011). The weather stations are Davis Vantage Pro2 Plus automatic weather stations measuring standard meteorological variables, although during EM25 measurements of solar irradiance were used to infer column aerosol loadings on clear days .…”

Section: Ground-based Fixed Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosols over the London metropolitan region

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The Emissions around the M25 motorway (EM25) campaign took place over the megacity of London in the United Kingdom in June 2009 with the aim of characterising trace gas and aerosol composition and properties entering and emitted from the urban region. It featured two mobile platforms, the UK BAe-146 Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) research aircraft and a ground-based mobile lidar van, both travelling in circuits around London, roughly following the path of the M25 motorway circling the city. We present an overview of findings from the project, which took place during typical UK summertime pollution conditions. Emission ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to acetylene and carbon monoxide emitted from the London region were consistent with measurements in and downwind of other large urban areas and indicated traffic and associated fuel evaporation were major sources. Sub-micron aerosol composition was dominated by secondary species including sulphate (24 % of sub-micron mass in the London plume and 29 % in the non-plume regional aerosol), nitrate (24 % plume; 20 % regional) and organic aerosol (29 % plume; 31 % regional). The primary submicron aerosol emissions from London were minor compared to the larger regional background, with only limited increases in aerosol mass in the urban plume compared to the background (∼12 % mass increase on average). Black carbon mass was the major exception and more than doubled in the urban plume, leading to a decrease in the single scattering albedo from 0.91 in the regional aerosol to 0.86 in the London plume, on average. Our observations indicated that regional aerosol plays a major role on aerosol concentrations around London, at least during typical summertime conditions, meaning future efforts to reduce PM levels in London must account for regional as well as local aerosol sources.

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“…41 In a social science literature that has so far concentrated on assessing the learning and science policy outcomes of CS, the voices of scientists and science communicators themselves have been little heard(see also Bonney et al's call for more research in this area 42 ). Focusing on the UK's Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) 43 Programme, a particularly innovative and encompassing programme with a combined outdoor learning and CS component, we draw on a series of interviews with the scientists and communicators involved to offer an empirical analysis of the challenges they faced, and thus aim to open up some of the potential conflicts anticipated in this section to further research. The paper compares their experiences in order to identify three potential flashpoints that we argue will need to be taken account of in the design of future CS projects if they are indeed to be win-win scenarios for both scientists and the participants.…”

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%