Open and closed metal hydride system for high thermal power applications: Preheating vehicle components

Dieterich, Mila; Bürger, Inga; Linder, Marc

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.024

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Finally, it is worth mentioning that hydrides-based TCS systems of complex composition have also been applied to reutilized waste heat in vehicles at lower working temperatures (T < 130 °C), using LaNi 4.85 Al 0.15 and Hydralloy C5 (Ti 0.95 Zr 0.05 Mn 1.56 V 0.46 Fe 0.09 ). 88 In summary, metal hydrides present remarkably high energy storage densities and the advantage of covering a broad window of temperatures (250−1000 °C), which makes these materials interesting candidates for any available concentrator configurations in the market. In addition, this technology has reached certain level of maturity with several demonstration storage units already commissioned.…”

Section: Hydrides-based Heat Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Energy on Demand: A Review on High Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage Systems and Materials

et al. 2019

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Among renewable energies, wind and solar are inherently intermittent and therefore both require efficient energy storage systems to facilitate a round-the-clock electricity production at global scale. In this context, concentrated solar power (CSP) stands out among other sustainable technologies because it offers the interesting possibility of storing energy collected from the sun as heat, by sensible, latent or thermochemical means. Accordingly, continuous electricity generation in the power block is possible even during off-sun periods, providing CSP plants with a remarkable dispatchability. Sensible heat storage has been already incorporated to commercial CSP plants. However, due to its potentially higher energy storage density, thermochemical heat storage (TCS) systems emerge as an attractive alternative for the design of next generation power plants, which are expected to operate at higher temperatures. Through these systems, thermal energy is used to drive endothermic chemical reactions, which can subsequently release the stored energy when needed through a reversible exothermic step. This review analyzes the status 2 of this prominent energy storage technology, its major challenges and future perspectives, covering in detail the numerous strategies proposed for the improvement of materials and thermochemical reactors. Thermodynamic calculations allow selecting high energy density systems, but experimental findings indicate that sufficiently rapid kinetics and long-term stability trough continuous cycles of chemical transformation are also necessary for practical implementation. In addition, selecting easy to handle materials with reduced cost and limited toxicity is crucial for large-scale deployment of this technology. In this work, the possible utilization of materials as diverse as metal hydrides, hydroxides or carbonates for thermochemical storage is discussed. Furthermore, especial attention is paid to the development of redox metal oxides, such as Co3O4/CoO, Mn2O3/Mn3O4 and perovskites of different compositions, as an auspicious new class of TCS materials due to the advantage of working with atmospheric air as reactant, avoiding the need of gas storage tanks. Current knowledge about the structural, morphological and chemical modifications of these solids, either caused during redox transformations, or induced wittingly as a way to improve their properties, is revised in detail. In addition, the design of new reactors concepts proposed for the most efficient use of TCS in concentrated solar facilities is also critically considered. Finally, strategies for the harmonic integration of these units in functioning solar power plants, as well as the economic aspects are also briefly assessed.

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Section: Hydrides-based Heat Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Energy on Demand: A Review on High Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage Systems and Materials

et al. 2019

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“…The only commercially available Laves phasebased hydride-forming class of alloys, which is already successfully in application, is so-called Hydralloy [450,[478][479][480][481][482][483]. Hydralloy is always based on a C14 Laves phase containing Ti and Mn in a 1:1.5 ratio as main constituents.…”

Section: Functional Applications 41 Hydrogen Storage Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

2020

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Laves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.

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“…So far, several studies have been performed for thermal storage systems based on phase change materials (PCM) for heat supply [14][15][16], for preheating of catalysts [17], for combustion engines [18] and for cooling applications [19]. New ways for thermal management concepts based on thermochemical energy storage systems (solid/gas reaction) are described in [20], offering an alternative heat and cold supply especially for fuel cell vehicles. In terms of heating demand, each of those thermal storage technologies opens up great potentials to reach high systemic thermal storage densities or high charging or discharging powers, but show limitations for the overall process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages

Dreißigacker

2021

Applied Sciences

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Thermal energy storage systems open up high potentials for improvements in efficiency and flexibility for power plant and industrial applications. Transferring such technologies as basis for thermal management concepts in battery-electric vehicles allow alternative ways for heating the interior and avoid range limitations during cold seasons. The idea of such concepts is to generate heat electrically (power-to-heat) parallel of charging the battery, store it efficiently and discharge heat at a defined temperature level. The successful application of such concepts requires two central prerequisites: higher systemic storage densities compared to today’s battery-powered PTC heaters as well as high charging and discharging powers. A promising approach for both requirements is based on solids as thermal energy storage. These allow during discharging an efficient heat transfer to the gaseous heat transfer medium (air) due to a wide range of geometric configurations with high specific surfaces and during charging high storage densities due to use of ceramic materials suitable for high operating temperatures. However, for such concepts suitable heating systems with small dimensions are needed, allowing an efficient and homogeneous heat transfer to the solid with high charging powers and high heating temperatures. An appropriate technology for this purpose is based on resistance heating wires integrated inside the channel shaped solids. These promise high storage densities due to operating wire temperature of up to 1300 °C and an efficient heat transport via radiation. Such electrically heated storage systems have been known for a long time for stationary applications, e.g., domestic storage heaters, but are new for mobile applications. For evaluation such concepts with regard to systemic storage and power density as well as to identify preferred configurations extensive investigations are necessary. For this purpose, transient models for the relevant heat transport mechanisms and the whole storage system were created. In order to allow time-efficient simulations studies for such an electrical heated storage system, a novel correlation for the effective radiation coefficient based on the Fourier Number was derived. This coefficient includes radiation effects and thermal conduction resistances and enables through its dimensionless parameterization the investigation of the charging process for a wide range of geometrical configurations. Based on application-typical specifications and the derived Fourier based correlation, extensive variation studies regarding the storage system were performed and evaluated with respect to systemic storage densities, heating wire surface loads and dimensions. For a favored design option selected here, maximum systemic storage densities of 201 Wh/kg at maximum heating wire surface loads of 4.6 W/cm2 are achieved showing significant benefits compared to today’s battery powered PTC heaters. Additionally, for proofing and confirming the storage concept, a test rig was erected focusing experimental investigations on the charging process. For a first experimental setup-up including all relevant components, mean temperature-related deviations between the simulative and the experimental results of 4.1% were detected and storage temperatures of up to 870 °C were reached. The systematically performed results confirm the feasibility, high efficiency, thermodynamic synergies with geometric requirements during thermal discharging and the potential of the technology to reach higher systemic storage densities compared to current solutions.

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Open and closed metal hydride system for high thermal power applications: Preheating vehicle components

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Solar Energy on Demand: A Review on High Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage Systems and Materials

Solar Energy on Demand: A Review on High Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage Systems and Materials

Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages

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