Open defaecation by proxy: Tackling the increase of disposable diapers in waste piles in informal settlements

White, Hannah L.; Mwapasa, Taonga; Mphasa, Madalitso; Kalonde, Patrick Ken; Feasey, Nicholas; Oliver, David M.; Ormsby, Michael J.; Morse, Tracy; Chidziwisano, Kondwani

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114171

Cited by 19 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The burden of children’s disease in many low-and middle-income countries is associated with poor sanitation, including unsafe disposal of children’s stool [ 3 ]. The disparity in access to safe and hygienic waste disposal methods has significant implications for child health [ 6 , 7 ]. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 aims to “achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation by the year 2030”, while SDG 3.9.2 aims to reduce “mortality rate attributed to unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene services” [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with rural-urban safe disposal of children stools in Ghana

Agyekum,

Nyieku,

Yeboah

et al. 2024

BMC Res Notes

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Introduction The burden of children’s disease in many low-and middle-income countries is associated with poor sanitation, including unsafe disposal of children’s stool. Infants and toddler stools pose a greater public health risk than adults. Studies on stool disposal in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Ghana have focused on prevalence, patterns, and associated factors. Nevertheless, these studies have not focused on factors that independently influence rural and/or urban child stool disposal. This study, therefore, examines factors associated with safe child stool disposal in rural areas separately from urban areas towards Ghana’s readiness for ending open defaecation by 2030. Methodology We examined young children’s faecal disposal drawing on the sixth round of the nationally-representative Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2017/18. This study was restricted to children under two years, yielding a sub-sample of 3,476. Responses of caregivers or mothers who disposed of children less than two years faecal matter, their characteristics in addition to the child’s age in months were analysed. A binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with the safe disposal of young children’s stools. Results In the aggregated data, only 22% of households, regardless of their residence, dispose of their young children less than two years stools safely. From the disaggregated data, the rural analysis shows that 26% of young children’s stools were safely disposed of, compared to 16% in the urban analysis. The urban analysis shows that the child’s age, sex and caregiver’s marital status were significantly associated with safe disposal of stools. On the other hand, child’s age, caregiver listening to radio and household access to improved toilet facilities were significant in the rural analysis. Conclusion The safe practice of stool disposal was very low. The results of this study show that urgent and different policies and strategies are needed to address child stool disposal in urban residences compared to rural residences if we are to meet SDG targets of ending open defaecation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with rural-urban safe disposal of children stools in Ghana

Agyekum,

Nyieku,

Yeboah

et al. 2024

BMC Res Notes

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“…Finally, the material if not biodegradable leads to the accumulation of waste and thus the infectious spread of disease. The neglect in the management of sanitary pads, adult diapers and similar material is a universally reported issue [14][15][16] . Thus, an antimicrobial, bio-degradable and efficient holding capacity pad/diaper is the need of the hour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and Biodegradable Sanitary Pads with Nanomaterials Fused Polymers

Pasha,

Aravind,

Begum

et al. 2023

Asian J. Biol. Sci

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Background and Objective: Sanitary pads and diapers are routinely used nowadays to manage menstrual and toilet secretions. The commercially available menstrual pads contain harmful chemicals sodium polyacrylate and dioxins. Biodegradable pads with antimicrobial properties are a novel concept. This work highlights sanitary pads and diapers containing lignocellulose based, chemical-free, nanomaterial, pectinosone and chitinase-coated pads with long-lasting antimicrobial activity. The prepared pad was evaluated for its water-holding capacity, biodegradability test, antimicrobial activity, pH, inlet time and toxicity. Materials and Methods: Considering the findings of the current novel study, nanoparticles such as copper, silver and zinc were synthesized and characterized, pectinosone and chitinosone were prepared and coated on agarose. Further, the novel pad was examined for biodegradability, water-holding capacity, antimicrobial activity, pH, inlet time and toxicity tests. Results: The novel pad showed a high absorbance (37-40 mL), an inlet time of 3.6 sec, a neutral pH, anti-microbial activity and no toxicity. The complete biodegradability of the novel pad was achieved in 3 months. Conclusion: The prepared novel sanitary pad is having a high-water holding capacity, long duration anti-microbial activity with a neutral pH. The pad is completely biodegradable and non-toxic and is prescribed for routine purposes.

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Enhancing the efficacy of feminine hygiene sanitary napkins by developing a super absorbent polymer based on methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid

Madhu,

Patel

2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Super absorbent polymer based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylic acid (MAA) has been prepared during the present work for coating the top layer of feminine sanitary napkins. Synthesized polymers were coated on the needly punched cotton and adjusted as the top layer of the sanitary napkins, which has been prepared. The samples were evaluated by means of absorbency capacity, rewet back, strike through, and pH by the comparative study with commercially available sanitary napkin. The most suitable ratio of monomers (60 g MMA, and 40 g MAA) for synthesizing polymer was suggested. Absorbency capacity of the said ratio is competing with commercial sample with 63.68 g absorbent capacity. Specially, pH of prepared polymers suggested the acidic value and those are more preferable for maintaining the acidic pH of vagina at the menstrual time. Present work suggests the polymer, which can be utilize for coating the feminine napkin by the comparative result suggested by absorbency capacity, rewet back, strike through, and pH.

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Open defaecation by proxy: Tackling the increase of disposable diapers in waste piles in informal settlements

Cited by 19 publications

References 61 publications

Factors associated with rural-urban safe disposal of children stools in Ghana

Factors associated with rural-urban safe disposal of children stools in Ghana

Antimicrobial and Biodegradable Sanitary Pads with Nanomaterials Fused Polymers

Enhancing the efficacy of feminine hygiene sanitary napkins by developing a super absorbent polymer based on methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid

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