“…Information was obtained from the medical records, including dominant and affected limb side, disease duration (length of time with stiff elbow), initial injury type (simple fracture or dislocation/ complex fracture or dislocation), treatment history, elbow ROM, elbow pain intensity at rest and on movement, ulnar neuropathy, and HO around the elbow. ROM was measured by a goniometer, as described in the previous study, 34 with 3 landmarks (lateral epicondyle, tip of acromion process, and middle portion of the wrist). 3 Pain intensity was evaluated by visual analog scale (0 ¼ no pain, 10 ¼ very severe pain).…”