Open-Source and Low-Cost Test Bed for Automated 5G Channel Measurement in mmWave Band

Chan, Chiu Chun; Kurnia, Ferdi Ganda; Al-Hournani, Akram; Gomez, Karina; Kandeepan, Sithamparanathan; Rowe, Wayne S. T.

doi:10.1007/s10762-019-00587-z

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Inaccuracies in RF propagation modeling and their parameter estimation can compromise effective network planning, management, optimization, and operational activities [27,28]. The impact can be enormous regarding poor service quality, resource input wastage, and time costs [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Radio Propagation Modeling and Parametric Tuning Using Optimization Algorithms

Isabona,

Imoize,

Akinwumi

et al. 2023

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Benchmarking different optimization algorithms is tasky, particularly for network-based cellular communication systems. The design and management process of these systems involves many stochastic variables and complex design parameters that demand an unbiased estimation and analysis. Though several optimization algorithms exist for different parametric modeling and tuning, an in-depth evaluation of their functional performance has not been adequately addressed, especially for cellular communication systems. Firstly, in this paper, nine key numerical and global optimization algorithms, comprising Gauss–Newton (GN), gradient descent (GD), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Levenberg–Marguardt (LM), Quasi-Newton (QN), Trust-Region–Dog-Leg (TR), pattern search (PAS), Simulated Annealing (SA), and particle swam (PS), have been benchmarked against measured data. The experimental data were taken from different radio signal propagation terrains around four eNodeB cells. In order to assist the radio frequency (RF) engineer in selecting the most suitable optimization method for the parametric model tuning, three-fold benchmarking criteria comprising the Accuracy Profile Benchmark (APB), Function Evaluation Benchmark (FEB), and Execution Speed Benchmark (ESB) were employed. The APB and FEB were quantitatively compared against the measured data for fair benchmarking. By leveraging the APB performance criteria, the QN achieved the best results with the preferred values of 98.34, 97.31, 97.44, and 96.65% in locations 1–4. The GD attained the worst performance with the lowest APE values of 98.25, 95.45, 96.10, and 95.70 in the tested locations. In terms of objective function values and their evaluation count, the QN algorithm shows the fewest function counts of 44, 44, 56, and 44, and the lowest objective values of 80.85, 37.77, 54.69, and 41.24, thus attaining the best optimization algorithm results across the study locations. The worst performance was attained by the GD with objective values of 86.45, 39.58, 76.66, and 54.27, respectively. Though the objective values achieved with global optimization methods, PAS, GA, PS, and SA, are relatively small compared to the QN, their function evaluation counts are high. The PAS, GA, PS, and SA recorded 1367, 2550, 3450, and 2818 function evaluation counts, which are relatively high. Overall, the QN algorithm achieves the best optimization, and it can serve as a reference for RF engineers in selecting suitable optimization methods for propagation modeling and parametric tuning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Radio Propagation Modeling and Parametric Tuning Using Optimization Algorithms

Isabona,

Imoize,

Akinwumi

et al. 2023

Information

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show abstract

“…To handle the excessive number of expected users, the allocated spectrum of the 5G is extended to reach the millimeter wave bands [7]. This will make it necessary to introduce mobile devices that can operate in dual widely separated frequency bands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact and Integrated Microstrip Antenna Modules for mm-Wave and Microwave Bands Applications

et al. 2022

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This paper presents two different antenna modules at two different bands with a compact size structure that is used for both of mm-Wave and microwave bands, with the objective of keeping the size as minimum as possible. The presented structure consists of two integrated modules with overall dimensions of 24 × 15 × 0.787 mm 3 and is implemented on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. The first module is designed to resonate at 25.75 GHz with bandwidth of 4.15 GHz. The length of this module is taken as a constraint in designing the second module, which is the microwave one. This module is designed to have resonance frequency of 5.45 GHz with bandwidth of 1.12 GHz. The two modules are etched on the same substrate in an integrated fashion to give the required structure with two separate feeds and a separation gap between them in the ground plane. The proposed antenna structure is simulated using the CST-MW studio simulator, where it is found that for the mm-Wave module, the band's gain is 5.58 dBi and the efficiency is 0.87 at 25.75 GHz. As for the microwave module, the gain is 2.45 dBi and the efficiency is 0.77 at 5.45 GHz. The proposed structure is implemented practically and the relevant measures agree with the simulated ones. A comparison of the proposed structure with other designs available in literature shows that it exhibits the minimum size among them, while keeping the other parameter values of comparable orders. The proposed structure is suitable for being used in 5G applications where both of the microwave and millimeter-wave bands are utilized. Microstrip antenna,, mm-Wave fifth generation (5G), DGS. INDEX TERMS

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“…Для испытания и подтверждения характеристик радиолокаторов часто используются испытательные стенды [1][2][3]. Они позволяют при приемлемых затратах ресурсов получать необходимую информацию об изделии [4,5].…”

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Метод Испытания Радиолокационных Станций С Использованием Беспилотного Летательного Аппарата И Бортового Оборудования

Калабин¹,

Kalabin²,

Морозов³

et al. 2022

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The paper proposes the modernization of the laboratory test method using an unmanned aerial vehicle, which houses a programmable generator with an on-board computer and other necessary auxiliary equipment. Radar testing is performed as in the flyby method but without using real targets. The essence of the method is to control the carrier's movement and the signal from the onboard generator output in such a way that the emitted signal corresponds to the actual radar operating conditions. The on-board computer calculates the test signal digital representation; a radio signal corresponding to the current operating mode of the station is emitted using a generator and an antenna. It is possible to control the angular coordinates, range and number of targets for the tested radar by changing the coordinates and structure of the emitted signal.The proposed method can be used to test various characteristics of radars. The paper presents the results of modeling from determining the locator software model characteristics. The carrier's software model is also used for modeling. Modeling consists in the fact that when the model time changes, the coordinates of the carrier and the simulated targets change; the locator software model performs the detection procedure according to the specified characteristics. At the end of the simulation, the coordinates of the carrier and the simulated targets are compared with the detected target coordinates. Based on the comparison results, it is possible to determine the functional characteristics of the locator.The proposed method can be useful in preparing for full-scale tests, as well as for evaluating characteristics that are difficult to evaluate by traditional methods, for example, when evaluating the range resolution, which involves the use of two aircrafts, the distance between which should decrease, which potentially increases the risk of collision.

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Open-Source and Low-Cost Test Bed for Automated 5G Channel Measurement in mmWave Band

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Optimal Radio Propagation Modeling and Parametric Tuning Using Optimization Algorithms

Optimal Radio Propagation Modeling and Parametric Tuning Using Optimization Algorithms

Compact and Integrated Microstrip Antenna Modules for mm-Wave and Microwave Bands Applications

Метод Испытания Радиолокационных Станций С Использованием Беспилотного Летательного Аппарата И Бортового Оборудования

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