Operating room ventilation systems: recovery degree, cleanliness recovery rate and air change effectiveness in an ultra-clean area

Lans, J.L.A.; Mathijssen, Nina M C; Bode, Allison; Dobbelsteen, John J. van den; Elst, Maarten van der; Luscuere, P.G.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.018

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These risks can be mitigated by elements, such as OR ventilation and smoke evacuation systems. Modern operating theaters use air ventilation above 3000 m 3 /h [ 38 ]. Nevertheless, Hardy et al stated that modern operating rooms could not prevent particle spread sufficiently [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of prolonged instrument manipulation on gas leakage through trocars

et al. 2023

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Background During laparoscopic surgery, CO2 insufflation gas could leak from the intra-abdominal cavity into the operating theater. Medical staff could therefore be exposed to hazardous substances present in leaked gas. Although previous studies have shown that leakage through trocars is a contributing factor, trocar performance over longer periods remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of prolonged instrument manipulation on gas leakage through trocars. Methods Twenty-five trocars with diameters ranging from 10 to 15 mm were included in the study. An experimental model was developed to facilitate instrument manipulation in a trocar under loading. The trocar was mounted to a custom airtight container insufflated with CO2 to a pressure of 15 mmHg, similar to clinical practice. A linear stage was used for prolonged instrument manipulation. At the same time, a fixed load was applied radially to the trocar cannula to mimic the reaction force of the abdominal wall. Gas leakage was measured before, after, and during instrument manipulation. Results After instrument manipulation, leakage rates per trocar varied between 0.0 and 5.58 L/min. No large differences were found between leakage rates before and after prolonged manipulation in static and dynamic measurements. However, the prolonged instrument manipulation did cause visible damage to two trocars and revealed unintended leakage pathways in others that can be related to production flaws. Conclusion Prolonged instrument manipulation did not increase gas leakage rates through trocars, despite damage to some individual trocars. Nevertheless, gas leakage through trocars occurs and is caused by different trocar-specific mechanisms and design issues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of prolonged instrument manipulation on gas leakage through trocars

et al. 2023

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“…Surgical procedures are complex and delicate activities that require a sterile and controlled environment to minimise the risk of infection and resulting complications [1,2,12]. The air in operating theatres plays an important role in infections and serves as a reservoir for microorganisms that colonise the sterile surgical field.…”

Section: Microbiological Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SSIs are multifactorial and complex events with many factors contributing to the development of infection. They can be patient-related, method-or procedure-related and depend on the level of microbial contamination of the operating theatre environment [11,12]. All surgical procedures harbour the potential for contamination, with most of them initiating the infection in the surgical environment [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Surgical Safety: Microbiological Air Control in Operating Theatres at University Medical Centre Maribor

Gradisnik,

Bunc,

Ravnik

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Background: the aim of the study was to assess microbiological air quality in operating theatres by determining the level of microbiological contamination of the air and critical surfaces using the passive air sampling method and compliance of the operating theatre staff with infection control measures. Materials and methods: The prospective study was conducted in the surgical block of the University Medical Centre Maribor. For two months continuously, ten operating theatres were assessed for microbial contamination of air and surfaces during quiet and active times of the day. A passive air sampling method with Petri dishes on an agar specially adapted for this purpose (plate count agar) was used. In addition, ten surgical procedures were observed to assess staff compliance with recommended practises. Results: Air samples met microbiological standards in all operating theatres. In both sampling sessions of the day (quiet and active periods), microbial contamination of the air was always within the limit of 10 CFU/m3. The average number of bacterial colonies was zero to two during quiet phases and one to four during active phases. Approximately 60% of the isolates from the operating theatres belonged mainly to the genus Staphylococcus: S. epidermidis (36% of the isolates), S. hominis (17.5%) and S. haemolyticus (5.5%). The rest were identified as Streptococcus anginosus (23%) and Bacillus sp. (18%). Pathogenic bacteria and moulds were not present. In regard to staff compliance with good surgical practise, the former varied by behaviour and function, with non-compliance in pre-operative skin preparation and operating theatre congestion being notable. The cleanliness of the environment was satisfactory. Conclusions: Microbiological air control is extremely important for the safety and success of both surgical and postoperative practises. In spite of good results obtained in the study, further improvements in surgical staff compliance with good surgical practise are essential to reduce surgical site infections.

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“…The efficacy of LAF in reducing the rate of surgical site infections in orthopaedic procedures has been investigated in depth, yielding a wide array of results [5][6][7][8][9] . CV is a mixed airflow system that introduces highefficiency particulate filtered air into the OR through a perforated plate system above the sterile field with removal through wall vents, although such removal can still be turbulent 10 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Bone Cement Fumes Generated in Laminar Airflow Versus Conventionally Ventilated Operating Rooms

Jamison,

Hunt,

West

et al. 2023

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

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Background: Bone cement is commonly utilized in a variety of orthopaedic procedures and contains methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer. MMA is a colorless, clear, flammable liquid of intense odor. Its vapor concentration in the immediate breathing zone can vary considerably in the operative setting and, in higher concentrations, can become an occupational health hazard. Therefore, reducing MMA vapor is desirable. The aim of this study was to compare the MMA vapor levels emitted during mixing among 5 commercially available cement-mixing systems across 2 operative settings: an operating room (OR) with conventional ventilation (CV) and an OR with laminar airflow (LAF). Methods: A prospective, in vitro study was conducted at a single hospital in an OR with LAF and in an OR with CV. MMA vapor release during the cement preparation of a SAWBONES femoral canal was measured with use of a calibrated MiniRAE 3000. A total of 5 different vacuum cement-mixing systems were utilized to mix the same cement type according to the manufacturer instructions of each system. MMA vapor concentrations were measured during 5 phases of mixing, and each mixing system was randomly utilized 10 times in each OR. Results: When comparing the MMA concentration levels of each system between the 2 settings, emissions remained generally higher in the CV setting for every system and in nearly every phase. Among the 5 systems analyzed, System #5, the only entirely closed system, had the lowest overall emissions for each of the 5 phases in the CV setting. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that an operative environment with LAF is conducive to clearing the fumes of MMA during mixing as well as limiting the amount of time that residual fumes linger after mixing. Additionally, the entirely closed cement-mixing system was the most effective in minimizing fume levels within the CV setting. Utilizing this closed system, especially in an OR with CV, may reduce exposure to MMA fumes from bone cement, potentially creating a more favorable working environment. Clinical Relevance: This study provides evidence that a closed cement-mixing system utilized under vacuum in both an OR with CV and an OR with LAF is effective in keeping MMA fume levels below those considered harmful by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

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Operating room ventilation systems: recovery degree, cleanliness recovery rate and air change effectiveness in an ultra-clean area

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

The influence of prolonged instrument manipulation on gas leakage through trocars

The influence of prolonged instrument manipulation on gas leakage through trocars

Enhancing Surgical Safety: Microbiological Air Control in Operating Theatres at University Medical Centre Maribor

Bone Cement Fumes Generated in Laminar Airflow Versus Conventionally Ventilated Operating Rooms

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