“…Focusing on the mid-crisis stage, previous studies have further identified various types of tourism firms' crisis management practices. These practices range from reactive to proactive strategies ( Alonso-Almeida et al, 2015 ), including cost control and product quality enhancement ( Alonso-Almeida & Bremser, 2013 ), marketing ( Campiranon & Scott, 2014 ), employee management ( Radwan, 2017 ), innovation ( Campo, Diaz, & Yagüe, 2014 ), competition ( Kossyva, Sarri, & Georgolpoulos, 2015 ), and protest against legislation in terms of tax and labour ( Kukanja & Planinc, 2013 ). In a study examining tourism small- and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs') responses to COVID-19, Kukanja et al (2020) grouped those previously identified crisis management practices into four categories, namely marketing practices, workforce practices, cost control practices, and organisational support, and found that tourism SMEs coped with the COVID-19 pandemic primarily through workforce and cost control.…”