Opioid Use and the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundThe association between opioid use and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) is poorly understood.AimsThe objective of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the risk of VA associated with opioid use.Materials & MethodsWe systematically searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases in July 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk for bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and ROBINS‐I for observational studies. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.ResultsWe included 15 studies (12 observational, 2 post hoc analyses of RCTs, 1 RCT). Most studies focused on opioid use for maintenance therapy (n = 9), comparing methadone to buprenorphine (n = 13), and reported QTc prolongation (n = 13). Six observational studies had a critical risk of bias, and one RCT was at high risk of bias. Two studies could not be included in the meta‐analysis as they reported a different outcome and studied an opioid antagonist. Meta‐analysis of 13 studies indicated that the use of methadone was associated with an increased risk of VA compared to the use of buprenorphine, morphine, placebo, or levacetylmethadol (risk ratio [RR], 2.39; 95% CI, 1.31–4.35; I2 = 60%). The pooled estimate varied greatly between observational studies (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.15–3.91; I2 = 62%) and RCTs (RR, 14.09; 95% CI, 1.52–130.61; I2 = 0%), but both indicated an increased risk.ConclusionIn this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we found that methadone use is associated with more than twice the risk of VA compared to comparators. However, our findings should be interpreted cautiously given the limited quality of the available evidence.