Opium trade and the spread of HIV in the Golden Crescent

Farooq, Salman; Rasooly, Mohammad Hafiz; Abidi, Syed Hani; Modjarrad, Kayvon; Ali, Syed

doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0170-1

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…By contrast, studies indicate that, for people with HIV or AIDS, those individuals who are more satisfied with their relationships, securely engaged with others, and more directly engaged with their illness are more likely to experience positive adjustment [ 23 – 25 ]. It is noteworthy to mention that reverse causality does exist in the relationships between HIV on one hand and alcohol use/drug abuse on the other, since drug abusers and alcohol users tend to engage in behaviors that put them at elevated risk for HIV infection [ 26 , 27 ]. The nature of social support could also influence the likelihood of risk behaviors among HIV-positive individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-TB Coinfection among 57 Million Pregnant Women, Obstetric Complications, Alcohol Use, Drug Abuse, and Depression

Fernandez

Salami

Davis

et al. 2018

Journal of Pregnancy

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Objective HIV and tuberculosis represent diseases of major public health importance worldwide. Very little is known about HIV-TB coinfection among pregnant women, especially from industrialized settings. In this study, we examined the association between TB, HIV, and HIV-TB coinfection among pregnant mothers and obstetric complications, alcohol use, drug abuse, and depression. Method We examined inpatient hospital discharges in the United States from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2014. We employed multivariable survey logistic regression to generate adjusted estimates for the association between infection status and study outcomes. Results We analyzed approximately 57 million records of pregnant women and their delivery information. HIV-TB coinfection was associated with the highest risks for several obstetric complications, alcohol use, and drug abuse. The risk for alcohol abuse was more than twice as high among HIV-monoinfected as compared to TB-monoinfected mothers. That risk gap more than doubled with HIV-TB coinfection. Both HIV-monoinfected and HIV-TB coinfected mothers experienced similarly increased risks for depression. Conclusions Mothers with HIV-TB coinfection experienced relatively heightened risks for obstetric complications, alcohol use, and drug abuse. The findings of this study underscore the importance of augmenting and enhancing social and structural support systems for HIV-TB coinfected pregnant women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-TB Coinfection among 57 Million Pregnant Women, Obstetric Complications, Alcohol Use, Drug Abuse, and Depression

Fernandez

Salami

Davis

et al. 2018

Journal of Pregnancy

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“…These results might indicate that Odessa had a favourable location for an explosive spread of HIV among PWID, as the city is situated on the Black Sea shore and was a major seaport and transportation hub during that period [ 20 ]. In the first postcollapse decade, there was an increase in injection drug use in the FSU [ 23 ], linked to the rise of drug production in Afghanistan during the mid-1990s and a shift in trafficking to the “Northern route,” which runs through Central Asia to Russia and South Caucasus to Eastern Europe [ 24 , 25 ]. This increase in drug trafficking may have played a role in the early spread of HIV among PWID communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of HIV and HCV within Former Soviet Union Countries

Aibekova

Bexeitova

Aldabergenova

et al. 2020

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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Background. Following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) in 1991, trans-border mobility increased within the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries. In addition, drug-trafficking and injection drug use began to rise, leading to the propagation and transmission of blood-borne infections within and across the FSU countries. To examine the transmission of blood-borne infections within this region, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of publically available sequences of two blood-borne viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), from FSU countries. Methods. We analysed 614 and 295 NS5B sequences from HCV genotypes 1b and 3a, respectively, from 9 FSU countries. From 13 FSU countries, we analysed 347 HIV gag and 1282 HIV env sequences. To examine transmission networks and the origins of infection, respectively, phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were performed. Results. Our analysis shows intermixing of HCV and HIV sequences, suggesting transmission of these viruses both within and across FSU countries. We show involvement of three major populations in transmission: injection drug user, heterosexual, and trans-border migrants. Conclusion. This study highlights the need to focus harm reduction efforts toward controlling transmission of blood-borne infections among the abovementioned high-risk populations in the FSU countries.

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“…Pakistan is located in golden crescent (Syeda et al, 2017). Drug abuse and trafficking are among the major problems faced by the country, governed by its critical geographical location (Emmanuel and Attarad, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Component analysis of illicit morphia tablets (clandestine laboratory preparation) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry: a case study

Usman¹,

Jamshaid²,

Naseer³

et al. 2018

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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Background: Various synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs like cocaine, amphetamine type stimulants (ATS), and heroin are produced and processed in clandestine laboratories. Every clan lab has its own procedures and protocols for drug synthesis and processing. A drug can be brought up in different forms like pharmaceutical tablets or raw street powder or any else, depending upon different types of adulterants or diluents and the physical modifications required for its transportation. Since a specific drug is synthesized by various clandestine laboratories, it is likely to have some differences between the two samples due to slightly different synthesis protocols used or the nature and concentration of adulterants. Detailed analysis of drug samples can determine, whether the drug belongs to common source or not. The basic purpose of alterations in physical form is to deceive the law enforcement agencies and to increase the bulk. Case presentation: In this article, a clandestine product of an altered form of a drug was analyzed and reported. Two samples of orange colored "morphia tablets" seized by law enforcement officials were submitted for chemical analysis. Both of the samples were analyzed to determine physical and chemical characteristics. In both samples, the tablets were orange in color. The average weight of a tablet was 58.24 mg for sample A, and 68.85 mg for sample B. Qualitative analysis using GC-MS showed that tablets in sample A were composed of caffeine, dextromethorphan, hydromorphone, acetylcodeine, and heroin, while the tablets in sample B were composed of caffeine, acetylcodeine, heroin, papaverine, and noscapine. The concentration of heroin in sample B was much higher than that in sample A. Conclusion: The analysis of morphia tablets showed that these tablets were an altered form of street heroin. On the basis of variation in weight, heroin concentration, impurities, and adulterants in both the samples analyzed, it can be concluded that they belonged to some different sources. Complete drug profiling for organic and inorganic components of tablets is recommended for future prospective.

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Opium trade and the spread of HIV in the Golden Crescent

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

HIV-TB Coinfection among 57 Million Pregnant Women, Obstetric Complications, Alcohol Use, Drug Abuse, and Depression

HIV-TB Coinfection among 57 Million Pregnant Women, Obstetric Complications, Alcohol Use, Drug Abuse, and Depression

Transmission of HIV and HCV within Former Soviet Union Countries

Component analysis of illicit morphia tablets (clandestine laboratory preparation) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry: a case study

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