Opportunistic routing metrics: A timely one-stop tutorial survey

Abstract

High-speed, low latency, and heterogeneity features of 5G, as the common denominator of many emerging and classic wireless applications, have put wireless technology back in the spotlight. Continuous connectivity requirement in low-power and wide-reach networks underlines the need for more efficient routing over scarce wireless resources, in multi-hp scenarios. In this regard, Opportunistic Routing (OR), which utilizes the broadcast nature of wireless media to provide transmission cooperation amongst a selected number of overhearing nodes, has become more promising than ever. Crucial to the overall network performance, which nodes to participate and where they stand on the transmission-priority hierarchy, are decided by userdefined OR metrics embedded in OR protocols. Therefore, the task of choosing or designing an appropriate OR metric is a critical one. The numerousness, proprietary notations, and the objective variousness of OR metrics can cause the interested researcher to lose insight and become overwhelmed, making the metric selection or design effort-intensive. While there are not any comprehensive OR metrics surveys in the literature, those who partially address the subject are non-exhaustive and lacking in detail. Furthermore, they offer limited insight regarding related taxonomy and future research recommendations. In this paper, starting with a custom tutorial with a new look to OR and OR metrics, we devise a new framework for OR metric design. Introducing a new taxonomy enables us to take a structured, investigative, and comparative approach to OR metrics, supported by extensive simulations. Exhaustive coverage of OR metrics, formulated in a unified notation, is presented with sufficient details. Self-explanatory, easy-to-grasp, and visual-friendly quick references are provided, which can be used independently from the rest of the paper. Finally, a new insightful framework for future research directions is developed. This tutorial-survey has been organized to benefit both generalists and OR specialists equally, and to be used not only in its entirety but selectively as well.

Impact Of Load Balancing Interference Routing Metric On Multi Channel Multi Radio Wireless Mesh Network

“…Researchers have designed many routing metrics. Some of the popular are Expected Transmission Count (ETX) Metric [10], Expected Transmission Time (ETT) Metric [11], Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT) Metric [11], Load Aware Expected Transmission Time (LAETT) [14], Metric of Interference and Channel Switching (MIC) [12][13], Exclusive Expected Transmission Time (EETT) [15], Interference Load Aware (ILA) metric [16], Interference Aware Routing Metric (iAWARE) [17], Load Balancing Interference Aware Routing Metric (LBIARM) [18], Expected Dynamic Transmission Cost (EDTT) [19] and Physical layer Metric [20] for Internet of things [21] and Opportunistic routing metrics [22]. To evaluate the effect of routing metric on the performance of WMNs, we consider our metric with two popular metrics for our performance evaluation.…”

An Opportunistic Routing for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks With Dynamic Transmission Power and Duty Cycle

“…Because packets usually require multiple hops to reach the sink node, we calculate the multi-hop using the single-hop and the average of subsequent relay nodes. Therefore, if a sender node selects node in for data forwarding at time slot , the multihop is calculated by (11) as follows:…”

“…The remaining nodes, that is, nodes 1, 2, and 3, constitute the actual forwarding set, . Then, the transmission cost for each node in is calculated by (11), and node 1 is assigned the highest priority for data forwarding because it obtains the smallest value of among all nodes in . In contrast to the sensor nodes in [12], which only adjust the transmission power at the end of each time slot, the sensor nodes in this study also adjust their transmission power and duty cycle, if necessary, in each time slot.…”

“…Previous studies have proven that opportunistic routing (OR) performs well in EH-WSNs [11], [12], [13]. Unlike traditional routing protocols that select predetermined paths for data forwarding, OR exploits the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions and does not require a priori knowledge of the network topology [14].…”

An Efficient Metric for Physical-layer Jammer Detection in Internet of Things Networks

“…The central control node, after receiving wireless nodes' reports, runs the NJS algorithm (subsection III-C) and compares the timeline of individual nodes using network topology information, such as transmission range and location of nodes, to infer jamming attacks. Similar to other well-known routing metrics in wireless networks [20], the reports could be delivered to the central node by flooding or unicasting methods in arbitrary time intervals (e.g. 0.5-1 minute).…”