Optical amplification and photosensitivity in sol-gel based waveguides

Selvarajan, A.; Srinivas, T.

doi:10.1109/3.945316

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The sol-gel technique is unique and desirable because it is cost-effective, flexible, simple and fast [31,32]. The synthesis of the sol-gel for microlaser fabrication is based upon research in the Chen and Vahala groups [26,33].…”

Section: Sol-gel Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-low-threshold Er:Yb sol-gel microlaser on silicon

2009

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Ultra-low threshold lasers which operate in the telecommunications band and which can be integrated with other CMOS compatible elements have numerous applications in satellite communications, biochemical detection and optical computing. To achieve sub-mW lasing thresholds, it is necessary to optimize both the gain medium and the pump method. One of the most promising methods is to use rareearth ions in a co-or tri-dopant configuration, where the lasing of the primary dopant is enhanced by the secondary one, thus improving the efficiency of the overall system. Here, we demonstrate an Erbium:Ytterbium co-doped microcavity-based laser which is lithographically fabricated on a silicon substrate. The quality factor and pump threshold are experimentally determined for a series of erbium and ytterbium doping concentrations, verifying the inter-dependent relationship between the two dopants. The lasing threshold of the optimized device is 4.2 µW. 4746-4750 (2004). ©2009 Optical Society of America

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Section: Sol-gel Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-low-threshold Er:Yb sol-gel microlaser on silicon

2009

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“…Especially, sol-gel process based on silica has become a promising candidate for fabricating integrated optical devices with amplifying [8], due to the incorporation of Er ion concentrations higher than other conventional glass melting methods. However, pure silica has still a low solubility for Er ions with a narrow full width at half maximum than other host materials [9].…”

Section: Introductionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annealing effect on photoluminescence properties of Er doped Al2O3–SiO2 sol–gel films

Kwon

Seok

Jung

2006

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…Sol-gel deposition is a low-cost, simple and versatile technique for fabrication of planar waveguides based on various glasses and organic-inorganic hybrid materials [149][150][151]. The versatility of this approach in terms of potential to process a broad range of materials and produce different type of structures is illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Sol-gel Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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Optical amplification and photosensitivity in sol-gel based waveguides

Cited by 20 publications

References 53 publications

Ultra-low-threshold Er:Yb sol-gel microlaser on silicon

Ultra-low-threshold Er:Yb sol-gel microlaser on silicon

Annealing effect on photoluminescence properties of Er doped Al2O3–SiO2 sol–gel films

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

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