Optical, theoretical and mechanical studies on sodium acid phthalate crystal

Effect of Cu2+ ions on the Linear optical properties of Undoped Lithium sulphate Monohydrate

“…The values of (αhν) 2 is found by equation (3) Where Eg is a band gap energy and A is a constant. When an electromagnetic wave propagates through a material, there will be a loss in absorption [8] . The absorption loss is given by extinction coefficient.…”

“…The relation between absorption coefficient (α) and extinction coefficient (K) is given by equation (4) Where λ is the wavelength of light. A graph is plotted between hν and extinction coefficient (K) for pure and Cu doped LSMH in fig (4d) The Reflectance (R) [8] is calculated using the following relation and a graph is drawn between energy hν and Reflectance(R) of pure and Mg doped LSMH as shown in fig (4e) The refractive index [8] in terms of reflectance (R) can be written as in equation (6) Fig (4g) shows the variation of refractive index (n) as a function of photon energy hν for undoped and Cu doped LSMH. Fig (4d) and (4e) show that the extinction coefficient decays exponentially upto 5.1eV and 4.4 eV for undoped and Cu doped LSMH crystals respectively.…”

“…The electric susceptibility [8] of the grown crystals can be obtained using the equation (7) and it is calculated for various wavelengths and the variation with respect to photon energy is shown in fig 4(h). The optical property [8] of the material is characterized by its complex dielectric constant.…”

“…The optical property [8] of the material is characterized by its complex dielectric constant. The real part (ε1) provides information about dispersion, while the imaginary part (ε2) gives a measure of the dissipation rate of the wave in the medium and it is given by equation (8) and (9).…”

“…The optical and electrical conductivity [8] of the grown crystals were calculated using the equation (11) and (12). A graph is plotted for optical and electrical conductivity of the grown crystals as a function of energy and is shown in figure (4k) and (4l) respectively.…”