“…Because of its high speed, small size, and lightweight optical interconnection, VCSELs have been gradually applied in the field of space and strong radiation. For example, the optical link upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) uses VCSELs [ 8 ]. Different from other environments, VCSELs in radiation-rich environment will have a serious impact on system performance and service life [ 9 , 10 ].…”