“…The literature highlights diverse strategies, with a particular focus on optimal capacitor placemen (Devabalaji & Ravi, 2014;Abraham & Oluwafemi, 2022;Abou El-Ela et al, 2016;Muhtazaruddin et al, 2014) , DG (Distributed Generation) siting (A. Alam, Gupta, Bindal, Siddiqui, & M. Zaid, 2018;Amraj, Boonrach, & K. Bhumkittipich, 2021;Siregar, Yuwaldi, Tarmizi, & Akhyar, 2023;Roy, Srivastava, & Dixit, 2020;Venkatraman & Khaitan, 2016;Sridevi, Rani, & B. L. Rao, 2019), and integrated approaches combining both capacitor and DG placement (Imran & Kowsalya, 2014;Chege, K. Murage, & K. Kihato, 2018;Jamil, 2023;Kaur & Jain, 2016). Capacitor placement and DG placement studies have employed methods such as genetic algorithms (Siregar et al, 2023), Tabu search (Rugthaicharoencheep et al, 2012), and harmonic search algorithms (Kona & Kollu, 2017), with a strong emphasis on renewable energy solutions.…”