In this chapter, we studied a new class of problems in the theory of optimal control defined by polynomial linear differential operators. As a result, an interesting Mayer problem arises with higher order differential inclusions. Thus, in terms of the Euler-Lagrange and Hamiltonian type inclusions, sufficient optimality conditions are formulated. In addition, the construction of transversality conditions at the endpoints of the considered time interval plays an important role in future studies. To this end, the apparatus of locally adjoint mappings is used, which plays a key role in the main results of this chapter. The presented method is demonstrated by the example of the linear optimal control problem, for which the Weierstrass-Pontryagin maximum principle is derived.