Optimal Positioning of Macro Base Station: An Approach to Ensure Optimal Coverage of Small Cell in HetNet

Mahbub, Mobasshir; Barua, Bobby

doi:10.1109/conecct52877.2021.9622678

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similarly, at the R CD based on FCC limits, the highest contributor was N3500 (39%), followed by L800 (21%), L1800 and L2100 (11% each), and G900 and U900 (9% each). Figure 8 summarizes the exposure contributions of each technology at the R CD , and these were in line with the results found in [ 36 , 37 ] for the power density.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

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Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Elbasheir

Saeed

Edam

2023

Sensors

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In recent years, the development of wireless technologies has led to fast growth in mobile networks, especially with the rise of 5G New Radio (5G NR). A huge number of base stations (BSs) are mandatory to serve the growth of mobile services, which has led to concerns about the increase in electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. To control the overall power emitted by EMF transmitters, international bodies have set maximum exposure limits. This paper investigates the compliance distances (CDs) of shared sites by a group of Mobile Network Operators (MNO) as multi-operators operating with multi-technology and sharing the same tower. The study investigated the CDs of the most two commonly used types of sharing sites, macro and indoor-Based solution sites (IBS). In addition, the study analyzed the power densities and total exposure ratios for the general public and occupational workers in each sharing scenario. The results showed that, compared with a single MNO, the CD increased by 41% in the case of two MNOs, 73% for three MNOs, and 100% for four MNOs. The EMF site sharing scale-up formula was used to estimate the increase in CDs for N number of MNOs assuming that all MNOs use the same site configuration. In addition, the results showed that 5G has the highest contribution to the total exposure ratio (TER) at the CD in the main direction of the antennae.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The macro site is a general solution that is used by all operators to provide coverage in populated areas [ 36 ]. The macro site has radio equipment with higher Tx power than other types of sites (micro, femto, and indoor), and the coverage range can reach long distances depending on the antenna height and site configurations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Elbasheir

Saeed

Edam

2023

Sensors

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“…Macro site is a general and most common solution used by all operators to provide coverage in populated areas [29]. The macro has radio equipment with higher BS power compared to other types of sites (micro/femto/IBS), and the coverage range reaches further distances depending on the antenna height and the site configurations.…”

Section: Macro Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the FCC, 5G N3500 contributes 30%, the 4G L800 with 18%, G900 and U900 with 16% each, and L2100 and L1800 with 10% each. FIGURE 29 The exposure ratio at the main direction for the IBS-DAS site reference ICNIRP limits for GP. DAS, distributed antenna system; GP, general public; IBS, indoor-based solution; ICNIRP, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.…”

Section: Indoor-based Solution (Ibs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic field exposure boundary analysis at the near field for multi‐technology cellular base station site

Elbasheir,

Saeed,

Edam

2023

IET Communications

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Mobile networks are expanding quickly as a result of significant advancements in wireless technologies and solutions, especially with the recent introduction of the Fifth Generation New Radio. The growth in mobile networks requires the installation of massive numbers of base stations that bring concerns about increasing overall electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. The International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published guidelines that have been adopted by many regulators in many countries to control the overall radiation emitted from EMF transmitters. This paper studies the compliance boundary for a single site operating with multiple technologies including from the second generation (2G) to 5G colocated in the same site. The analysis is performed using a typical site configuration setup for the boundary calculations in the form of the Compliance Distance (CD). The calculation uses the power reduction factor and system load for more realistic results, and in situ measurements are conducted to validate the calculation's formula. The study also investigated the CD for four types of sites, macro, micro, small cell, and indoor sites. Additionally, the study analyzed the power densities (PDs) and total exposure ratio (TER) for the general public and occupational workers at each site. The results show that CD has shorter distances when the power factor is considered, and 5G makes the highest contribution to the TER at the CD in the main directions of the antenna.

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EMF Compliance Distance Calculation Enhancement for Multi-Technology Mobile Site

Elbasheir,

Saeed,

Edam

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE Third International Conference on Signal, Control and Communication (SCC)

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Optimal Positioning of Macro Base Station: An Approach to Ensure Optimal Coverage of Small Cell in HetNet

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Electromagnetic field exposure boundary analysis at the near field for multi‐technology cellular base station site

EMF Compliance Distance Calculation Enhancement for Multi-Technology Mobile Site

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