“…Rao algorithms have been successfully used by researchers in the short time since they have been introduced, some of which include the engineering design optimization ( Rao & Pawar, 2020a ; Rao & Pawar, 2020b ; Rao & Pawar, 2022 ; Rao & Pawar, 2023 ), weight optimization of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall ( Kalemci & Ikizler, 2020 ), cropping pattern under a constrained environment ( Kumar & Yadav, 2019 ), construction scheduling ( Yılmaz & Dede, 2023 ), photovoltaic cell parameter estimation ( Premkumar et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ), optimization of energy systems ( Rao et al, 2022 ), and optimal power flow ( Sahay, Upputuri & Kumar, 2023 ).…”