Optimal thermal shocks for induced diploid gynogenesis in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Levanduski, Mike; Beck, J. C.; Seeb, James E.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90248-l

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, dramatic individual differences in triploidization efficacy for a given (sub-optimal) heat shock have been observed in females within rainbow trout strains (Diaz et al 1993;Tipton 2000). Differences in triploidization rate and survival of thermally shocked eggs that experienced similar protocols are probably related to variation in egg quality caused by differences in prespawning rearing conditions between female broodfish and to the time lag between ovulation, spawning, and egg activation (Lou and Purdom 1984;Guo et al 1990;Levanduski et al 1990;Diaz et al 1993;Palti et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variables of principal interest are time of initiation following activation, temperature, and duration of the shock. In addition, preshock incubation water temperature, species or strain differences, and differences in egg quality among females within strains can alter the effectiveness of a given protocol (Lou and Purdom 1984;Solar et al 1984;Johnstone 1985;Seeb et al 1988;Levanduski et al 1990;Diaz et al 1993;Palti et al 1997). Inability to control all of these factors accounts for the wide variability in thermal shock protocols reputed as effective for salmonids (Levanduski et al 1990;Galbreath et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gynogenetic trout are allfemale and are useful in experimentation on sexreversal techniques (Chourrout 1982;Lou and Purdom 1984). Because thermal shock can be highly effective and is easily applied (Levanduski et al 1990;Palti et al 1997), we chose this technique for producing triploid and gynogenetic fish. However, a clearly optimized thermal shock protocol for brook trout has not been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of Thermal Shock Protocols for Induction of Triploidy in Brook Trout

Galbreath

Samples

2000

North American Journal of Aquaculture

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Techniques for production of triploids are well described for commercially reared salmonids (e.g., rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar). Among less commonly used species, including brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, these protocols have not been optimized. As a prelude to investigating the regional potential for commercial culture of brook trout with all‐female and all‐female triploid stocks, we conducted experiments to test the effects of the primary variables of thermal shock used to induce retention of second polar bodies. The objective was to identify a protocol that maximizes yield of both triploid and gynogenetic diploid progeny. The first experiment measured survival of gynogenetic embryos produced by heat shocks involving combinations of different temperatures (26, 27, 28, or 29°C) and durations (7, 10, 13, 16, 19, or 22 min). In three subsequent experiments, production of triploids was assessed for thermal shocks involving variable times of initiation (7, 10, 13, 16, 19, or 22 min postactivation) in addition to the above temperatures and durations. Significant trends for decrease in survival and increase in percent triploidy were observed with increase in temperature and duration of thermal shock. Effects for time of initiation in two of three experiments were nonsignificant; in the third, survival tended to increase and percent triploidy to decrease with increase in time of initiation. With a preshock incubation temperature of 11–12°C, the most generally effective protocol involved a thermal shock of 28°C for 10 min duration initiated at 10–16 min postactivation, for which relative survival was 68–71%, percent triploidy was 79–99%, and triploid yield was 54–70%. In a fifth experiment, the fertilized eggs of 14 females were treated separately with a 28°C shock of 10 min applied at 10 min postactivation. Although relative survival to initiation of feeding ranged between 42% and 100%, percent triploidy was consistently 98–100%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of Thermal Shock Protocols for Induction of Triploidy in Brook Trout

Galbreath

Samples

2000

North American Journal of Aquaculture

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“…Induced triploidy is used to produce partially or completely sterile fish, whose 3 chromosome sets impair the meiotic division involved in germ cell formation (Thorgaard and Allen, 1987;Chourrout, 1988;Levanduski, et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of cold shock in inducing triploidy in African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

A¹,

H²,

A³

2010

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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A study was conducted to induce triploidy in African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus using cold shock. The fertilized eggs were exposed at one temperature regime of 0°C with varied shock treatments of 0, 15, 25 and 30 min. Some 3 min after fertilization, the success of triploidy was determined by the presence or absence of bent trunk in the fry as reported by (Aluko et al., 1997). The shock duration of 25 min at 0°C gave the best result of 55% hatch with survival at the end of the exposure regime of 43.5%. Shock exposure of 30 min gave 30% hatch while 15 and 20 min exposure were poor at 15% hatch.

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“…Family differences in triploidization success of salmonids has often been noted and is most likely due to the combination of genetic differences between dams and environmental effects. For example genetic differences in meiotic timing, microtubule structure or egg provisioning might exist or interact with environmental factors such as differences in pre-spawning rearing environments of females, the timing between ovulation and spawning or the consistency of triploidization treatment (Levanduski et al 1990;Diaz et al 1993;Teskeredzic et al 1993;Galbreath and Samples 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diploid and triploid Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum): An exploration of induction efficacy, performance and genomic architecture.

Johnson¹

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Triploid salmon are sterile and thus may comprise part of an overall plan to minimize potential genetic disturbances to wild populations caused by the rearing of farmed fish in open seawater netpens. Despite the potential benefits of sterility, triploids are not widely reared for aquacultural purposes in North America mainly due to variable and inconsistent performance. While triploidization is being explored in an increasing number of species, the effect of triploid ization in chinook salmon {Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has rarely been investigated. In this study, chinook salmon were triploidized in order to assess 1) the efficacy of two triploid induction techniques 2) the utility of triploid chinook salmon for commercial aquaculture and 3) to develop a description of the genomic architecture of triploids. In Chapter One, a comparative examination of triploid ization success and whole organism performance (survival, growth and the antibody response to vaccination) in diploid, heat-shock induced triploid and pressure-shock induced triploid full-sib family groups was carried out in terms of the effect of treatment, genotype (family) and treatment by genotype (family) interactions. In Chapter Two, a comparative examination of performance (survival, growth, and the lysozyme activity response to vaccination) in terms of the distribution and magnitude of phenotypic variance was carried out using a quantitative genetic framework and a paternal half-sib experimental design. Variance was partitioned into additive genetic and a combined epistasis, dominance and maternal effects component and narrow sense heritability values were calculated.Minimal differences in triploidization success, growth and immune functioning were found between heat-and pressure-shock treated family groups. Although pressure-shock treated fish survived better than heat-shock induced triploids, triploids did not survive or grow as well as diploids. Survival of treatment groups was significantly 11 influenced by treatment and family effects while growth traits and antibody response to vaccination were more strongly influenced by the effect of family. Interaction effects were most prevalent for immune function.Triploidization increased total phenotypic as well as additive genetic variance but this was associated with an unexpected and counter-intuitive decrease in the influence of the non-additive component (combined epistatic, dominance and maternal effects) indicating that triploidy may not have increased the genetic complexity of relationships among alleles or loci and that the primary effect of triploidization was additive and dominant. This was also highly suggestive of an overall ploidy dependent regulation of gene expression.The obvious dichotomy between high and low performing families regardless of treatment/ploidy status, the existence of significant family components for many of the performance variables combined with increased heritability values for the measured traits indicated that selective breeding of diploids for increased tr...

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Optimal thermal shocks for induced diploid gynogenesis in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Cited by 24 publications

References 41 publications

Optimization of Thermal Shock Protocols for Induction of Triploidy in Brook Trout

Optimization of Thermal Shock Protocols for Induction of Triploidy in Brook Trout

The use of cold shock in inducing triploidy in African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Diploid and triploid Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum): An exploration of induction efficacy, performance and genomic architecture.

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