Optimization and Characterization of Palm Oil-based Nanoemulsion Loaded with <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> Crude Extract for Natural Herbicide Formulation

Abstract

Introduction Parthenium hysterophorus is one of the world s seven most devastating and aggressive weed commonly known as carrot grass and bitter weed 1. The Asteraceae family belonging weeds were often spotted on abandoned lands, drainage and railway tracks. Parthenium hysterophorus contained allelochemical parthenin which play as a major phytotoxic compound in the plant. Allelochemical is a chemical compound that influences growth, survival, and reproduction of other organism 2. Due to its noxious ability, P. hysterophorus could be exploited as a potential bioactive component in herbicide formulation for natural weed management 3 .

Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation

“…The inhibition by Thymus capitatus and Majorana hortensis nanoemulsion towards bindweeds have shown that the nanoemulsion has suppressed the weed growth by reducing more than 50% of the fresh and dry weight of both Convolvulus arvensis and Setaria viridis than the control [111]. Nanoemulsion-derived palm oil derivatives used as a pretreatment of slender buttonweed, Diodia ocimifolia seeds also indicates that it has toxicity effect towards germination and capable to inhibit at the lowest concentration of 5 g L −1 [73].…”

“…The use of palm oil as the oil phase in pesticide nanoemulsion has contributed promising stability results. The combination of palm kernel oil ester (PKOE) with Parthenium hysterophorus crude extract (PHCE) has demonstrated its ability to control Diodia ocimifolia weeds at a fairly lower concentration, 5 g L −1 [73].…”

Nanobiopesticides in sustainable agriculture: developments, challenges, and perspectives

“…89 In addition, the nanoemulsion system can also be used as another way of effectively delivering biological herbicides, where the NPs are evenly dispersed on the surface of leaves, enhance the permeability of the active ingredients in weed leaves, and thus show better control effects on weeds. 90 It is believed that nanobiological herbicides that combine biological herbicides with green, inexpensive nanomaterials will play an important role in reducing environmental pollution and the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture (Fig. 6), but it is necessary to consider the compatibility of NPs with other biological agents and their specificity to plant hosts under field conditions to limit or avoid further damage to the environment and human health.…”

Nanotechnology Promoting the Development of Products from the Biodiversity of the Asteraceae Family

“…The most developed and studied formulations are nanoemulsions [ 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], followed by liposomes [ 10 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and, finally, nanoparticles [ 11 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. In general, the papers have similar developments: characterization of the formulation through tests that measure particle size, PDI, and zeta potential.…”

“…Some papers did not develop stability studies of the formulations developed, which is an important parameter during the product development process. Only six papers conducted the stability study of the formulations tested, as shown in Table 1 [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”