Optimization and modelling of Pb (II) and Cu (II) adsorption onto red algae (Gracilaria changii)-based activated carbon by using response surface methodology

Abstract

Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption isotherm obeyed the Langmuir model.