Optimization by factorial analysis of caprylic acid precipitation of non-immunoglobulins from hyperimmune equine plasma for antivenom preparation

Nudel, B.C.; Perdoménico, Carolina; Iacono, Rubén Francisco; Cascone, Osvaldo

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.014

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A significant complication is one of antivenom stability, with liquid-based antivenoms requiring continuous refrigeration, and thus research efforts are also investigating the stability of antivenoms at room temperature [ 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 ]. Investigations are also being undertaken for the development of antivenoms using new methodologies including monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, precipitations methods and immunoglobulin type [ 48 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 ].…”

Section: Issues and Controversies In Modern Medical Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

Fry

2018

Toxins

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Many issues and complications in treating snakebite are a result of poor human social, economic and clinical intervention and management. As such, there is scope for significant improvements for reducing incidence and increasing patient outcomes. Snakes do not target humans as prey, but as our dwellings and farms expand ever farther and climate change increases snake activity periods, accidental encounters with snakes seeking water and prey increase drastically. Despite its long history, the snakebite crisis is neglected, ignored, underestimated and fundamentally misunderstood. Tens of thousands of lives are lost to snakebites each year and hundreds of thousands of people will survive with some form of permanent damage and reduced work capacity. These numbers are well recognized as being gross underestimations due to poor to non-existent record keeping in some of the most affected areas. These underestimations complicate achieving the proper recognition of snakebite’s socioeconomic impact and thus securing foreign aid to help alleviate this global crisis. Antivenoms are expensive and hospitals are few and far between, leaving people to seek help from traditional healers or use other forms of ineffective treatment. In some cases, cheaper, inappropriately manufactured antivenom from other regions is used despite no evidence for their efficacy, with often robust data demonstrating they are woefully ineffective in neutralizing many venoms for which they are marketed for. Inappropriate first-aid and treatments include cutting the wound, tourniquets, electrical shock, immersion in ice water, and use of ineffective herbal remedies by traditional healers. Even in the developed world, there are fundamental controversies including fasciotomy, pressure bandages, antivenom dosage, premedication such as adrenalin, and lack of antivenom for exotic snakebites in the pet trade. This review explores the myriad of human-origin factors that influence the trajectory of global snakebite causes and treatment failures and illustrate that snakebite is as much a sociological and economic problem as it is a medical one. Reducing the incidence and frequency of such controllable factors are therefore realistic targets to help alleviate the global snakebite burden as incremental improvements across several areas will have a strong cumulative effect.

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Section: Issues and Controversies In Modern Medical Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

Fry

2018

Toxins

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“…Descriptive studies concerning ultrasound monitoring and hormonal evaluation provide information regarding reproduction and the events during estrous cycle and pregnancy, being essential to captive snake handling. The captive reproduction of Crotalus durissus terrificus is an important practice once their venom is a natural source of bioactive substances with therapeutic potential, such as antitumoral properties, as well as for antiophidic serum production (Cura et al, 2002;Soares et al, 2010;Calvete et al, 2011;Kumar et al, 2014;Nudel et al, 2012). The search for new drugs has indicated toxins from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom as inhibitors of cell adhesion, cell migration, epidermal tumor growth factor, metastases induced in experimental mice models, and use of some specific proteins for production of drugs (Cura et al, 2002;Cunha et al, 2015;Neves et al, 2015;Reeks et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal and ultrasonographic characterization of the seasonal reproductive cycle of male and female Crotalus durissus terrificus

Matayoshi¹,

Souza²,

Gasparotto³

et al. 2018

Anim Reprod

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Research concerning to characterize seasonal reproductive cycle in males and females of Crotalus durissus terrificus by ultrasound and hormonal measurement. Reproductive aspects (follicular and testicular cycles, and pregnancy) from 28 adult snakes (14 males and 14 females) during different months of the years were studied. Snakes housed individually in cages in an environment with controlled luminosity and humidity, and fed monthly. Females were examined by ultrasound during quiescence and active follicular phase, and pregnancy for follicular and embryo/fetal development. Males were evaluated to testicular echotexture and measurements during reproductive and non-reproductive season. The blood samples were collected from males and females for serum testosterone and progesterone determination, respectively. In 77% males the testes were identified by ultrasound and found increased size during summer, decreased serum testosterone in winter, and positive correlation between serum testosterone and testes size. There was no change in testicular echotexture in according to season. Testosterone concentration was decreased during winter and it was positively correlated with testes size. In 71% females, were observed follicular development (vitellogenesis) and gestation since winter to spring by ultrasonography. Parturition occurred mainly in summer. Pregnancy length was 123.0 ± 11.4 days, with mean 6.9 ± 1.5 newborns/female, and there was gradual increase of serum progesterone during this period. There was no variation in progesterone concentration in nongravid females. Males and females Tropical Rattlesnake show seasonal variation of reproductive cycle and was clear a biennial cycle in female. The ultrasonography can be considered an essential tool to accomplish the follicular development, pregnancy and testicular alterations in Tropical Rattlesnake.

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“…The results presented here give evidence that the three variables are involved in the precipitation process. Since the antivenom products are used intravenously, the care of the manufacturers is to reduce the albumin content of their products as much as possible [26]. In the present study, albumin content was almost not present and different storage conditions did not show any appearance of albumin in the tested samples.…”

Section: Chemical Testsmentioning

confidence: 39%

“…A study conducted by. Nudel et al concluded that the presence of albumin could affect the efficacy of the antivenom altering its ability to complex with the venom [26]. However, it is well known that the factors which may influence the presence and precipitation of albumin include caprylic acid concentration, plasma pH and temperature.…”

Section: Chemical Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Stability of Scorpion Antivenom: At Different Storage Conditions

De¹,

Rak²

2017

Pharm Anal Acta

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The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and stability of scorpion antivenom brand. Several tests were applied on scorpion antivenom samples obtained from the same batch. The samples were subdivided into two groups. The first group was stored at real storage conditions i.e. at (3 ± 2ºC) dry storage areas while the second group was subjected to accelerated storage conditions i.e. (25 ± 3ºC, RH75%). Many samples taken from both conditions were tested chemically through determining the pH values, m-cresol preservative levels, albumin content by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and measuring the protein content. These samples were also tested pharmacologically for determining the potency, measuring the LD50 (lethal dose which kills 50% of the test animals), pyrogen testing, sterility testing and abnormal toxicity. The results obtained from both chemical and pharmacological tests using antivenom samples stored at real time storage condition (3 ± 2ºC) and accelerated storage condition (25 ± 3ºC, RH75%) showed no significant changes in terms of potency, pH values, sterility, preservative content, the pharmacological effect and efficacy.

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Optimization by factorial analysis of caprylic acid precipitation of non-immunoglobulins from hyperimmune equine plasma for antivenom preparation

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch

Hormonal and ultrasonographic characterization of the seasonal reproductive cycle of male and female Crotalus durissus terrificus

Efficacy and Stability of Scorpion Antivenom: At Different Storage Conditions

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