Optimization Conditions of Malachite Green Adsorption onto Almond Shell Carbon Waste Using Process Design

Abstract

Almond shell-based biocarbon is a cheap adsorbent for the removal of malachite green, which has been investigated in this work. FT-IR, DRX, and BET were used to characterize almond shell-based biocarbon. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms analysis results showed a surface area of 120.21 m2/g and a type H4 adsorption isotherm. The parameters of initial dye concentration (5–600 mg.L−1), adsorbent mass (0.1–0.6 mg), and temperature (298–373 K) of adsorption were investigated. The experiments showed that the almond shell could be used in a wide concentration and temperature range. The adsorption study was fitted to the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results of the FT-IR analysis demonstrated strong agreement with the pseudo-second-order chemisorption process description. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm and evaluated to be 166.66 mg.g−1. The positive ∆H (12.19 J.mol−1) indicates that the adsorption process is endothermic. Almond shell was found to be a stable adsorbent. Three different statistical design sets of experiments were taken out to determine the best conditions for the batch adsorption process. The optimal conditions for MG uptake were found to be adsorbent mass (m = 0.1 g), initial dye concentration (C0 = 600 mg.L−1), and temperature (T = 25 °C). The analysis using the D-optimal design showed that the model obtained was important and significant, with an R2 of 0.998.

Magnetite/MXene (Fe3O4/Ti3C2) Nanocomposite as a Novel Adsorbent for Environmental Remediation of Malachite Green Dye

“…The removal of organic dyes can be accomplished by utilizing a variety of treatment methods, including ion exchange, precipitation, coagulation–flocculation, filtration, liquid–liquid extraction, electrochemical methods, and adsorption [ 3 ], especially with carbon-based materials for adsorption and separation [ 4 , 5 ]. Adsorption is considered one of the most efficient removal techniques as it has numerous advantages, including a simple design, reusability of adsorbents/adsorbate, low cost, ease of operation, fewer chemical requirements, high efficiency, and a short time of removal [ 6 ].…”

Cobalt/Iron Bimetallic Biochar Composites for Lead(II) Adsorption: Mechanism and Remediation Performance

“…Enhanced stability and higher adsorption capacities have frequently been achieved via composite formation or surface modification. The combination of nZVI with porous carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes [10], activated carbon [11], and biochar [12,13], which have unique pore structures, good chemical stability, and high electrical conductivity, can effectively reduce agglomeration and increase pollutant removal efficiency [14]. In particular, bimetallic carbon composites are considered promising for improving the reactivity of nZVI.…”