Optimization of an analytical method for detecting paraphenylenediamine (PPD) by GC/MS-iontrap in biological liquids

Determination of p-phenylenediamine and its metabolites MAPPD and DAPPD in biological samples using HPLC-DAD and amperometric detection

“…Moreover, there is no data about the extraction yield of PPD and its metabolites. Stambouli et al [18] also apply chloroform extraction as a sample preparation step for the GC-MS analysis and gain a recovery rate of 85% for PPD (0.1 mg/l). According to these examinations various polar organic solvents have been tested with respect to the isolation of the matrix and the determination of the extraction yield of the analytes.…”

“…Using derivatization with benzaldehyde and subsequent GC-MS in SIM mode a limit of detection of 50 M was obtained for PPD in hair dyes [17]. Stambouli et al [18] derivatized PPD with methyl iodide or trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (TFA) for the quantification using GC-MS in urine, blood and bile acid. A preceding liquid-liquid extraction of the samples with chloroform considerably improves the limit of determination to 1 M using the more sensitive method with TFA.…”

“…Merely some authors [18,30,31] described a liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform to remove the biological sample matrix prior to the analytical determination of PPD. Solidphase extraction with C 18 -cartridges was performed to enrich the analytes which were fortified by 14 C-labeled PPD and to remove the matrix [32].…”

Electrochemical behaviour and voltammetric determination of p-phenylenediamine at carbon paste electrode

“…Many analytical methods, including gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [9,10], gas chromatography (GC) [11], and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [2] have already been reported for the determination of p-PD. Although chromatographic methods are sensitive and reliable, they have some disadvantages such as being time and labour consuming, expensive and demanding for sample pre-treatments and qualified personnel.…”

Development and validation of an LC–MS/MS method for determination of p-phenylenediamine and its metabolites in blood samples

“…PPD has been detected in blood, urine and gastric content by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) after liquid-liquid extraction [14,15]. Methods involving liquid chromatography (LC) with electrochemical detector [16], ultraviolet [16,17], diode array [18], or MALDI-MS/MS [17] for quantification of PPD and its metabolites have been reported.…”