Optimization of Biocomposite Film Based on Whey Protein Isolate and Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Pineapple Crown Leaf Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

This study employed response surface methodology to optimize the preparation of biocomposites based on whey protein isolate, glycerol, and nanocrystalline cellulose from pineapple crown leaf. The effects of different concentrations of nanocrystalline cellulose as a filler and glycerol as a plasticizer on the thickness, the tensile strength, and the elongation at break on the resulting biocomposite films were investigated. The central composite design was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions for biocomposite films with optimum properties. The regression of a second-order polynomial model resulted in an optimum composition consisting of 4% glycerol and 3.5% nanocrystalline cellulose concentrations, which showed a desirability of 92.7%. The prediction of the regression model was validated by characterizing the biocomposite film prepared based on the optimum composition, at which the thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the biocomposite film were 0.13 mm, 7.16 MPa, and 39.10%, respectively. This optimum composition can be obtained in range concentrations of glycerol (4–8%) and nanocrystalline cellulose (3–7%). Scanning electron microscope images showed that nanocrystalline cellulose dispersed well in the pure whey protein isolate, and the films had a relatively smooth surface. In comparison, a rough and uneven surface results in more porous biocomposite films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that nanocrystalline cellulose and glycerol showed good compatibility with WPI film by forming hydrogen bonds. The addition of nanocrystalline cellulose as a filler also decreased the transparency, solubility, and water vapor permeability and increased the crystallinity index of the resulting biocomposite film.

Highly Stretchable, Self-Adhesive, Antidrying Ionic Conductive Organohydrogels for Strain Sensors

“…The hydrogel is highly stretchable, transparent, fatigue-resistant, self-adhesive, and self-healing. Cellulose nanocrystals derived from the most abundant native renewable biomass have unique and promising properties, such as sustainability, biocompatibility, a large surface area, and high mechanical strength [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In this regard, cellulose is often combined with inorganic salt ions (such as sodium chloride [ 25 ], lithium chloride [ 26 ], ferric chloride [ 9 ], and so forth) to make conductive nanocomposite complexes, which play an important role in toughening, crosslinking, and acting as a network support with excellent mechanical properties.…”

Developing active and intelligent biodegradable packaging from food waste and byproducts: A review of sources, properties, film production methods, and their application in food preservation

“…Additionally, the WVP of the film was enhanced, indicating that it became more effective in controlling moisture transfer, which is crucial for enhancing food preservation and shelf life. In addition, some other substances, such as Tarragon EO (Socaciu et al., 2021), green tea extract (Robalo et al., 2022), and nanocrystalline cellulose (Fitriani et al., 2022), are used to enhance the performance of whey protein films.…”

“…The dairy sector enhances this trend through the integration of whey protein, a byproduct derived from cheese manufacturing, into the composition of edible films. Whey protein‐based films exhibit excellent barrier properties and are particularly effective in preserving the quality of packaged foods (Fitriani et al., 2022). Moreover, seafood processing waste, including fish skins and scales, has been repurposed for edible film production.…”

A Facile One-Pot Preparation and Properties of Nanocellulose-Reinforced Ionic Conductive Hydrogels

“…In general, the addition of nanomaterials to hydrogel systems is an effective and practical way to improve the mechanical strength of hydrogels. Cellulose nanofiber derived from the most abundant native renewable biomass has unique and promising properties, such as high crystallinity, aspect ratio, specific surface area, and tensile strength [ 7 ]. This material is non-toxic, harmless, lightweight, and has good biocompatibility.…”