Optimization of low-temperature crystalline phosphatization of steel surfaces

Phosphating of Steel in Low-Temperature Solution

“…The use of such temperatures leads to increased energy consumption and sludge formation, also a need to change and clean the heating elements [4]. There are scientific publications in which the possibility of carrying out the process at low temperatures is investigated [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, phosphating compositions contain derivatives of nitric or nitrous acids, which complicate cleaning of the wastewater.…”