Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction for six inorganic and organic arsenic species in chicken tissues using response surface methodology

Abstract

Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for microwave-assisted extraction of six major inorganic and organic arsenic species (As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p-arsanilic acid, and roxarsone) from chicken tissues, followed by detection using a high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled mass spectrometry detection method, which allows the simultaneous analysis of both inorganic and organic arsenic species in the extract in a single run. Effects of extraction medium, solution pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, and the temperature and time of microwave-assisted extraction on the extraction of the targeted arsenic species were studied. The optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions were: 100 mg of chicken tissue, extracted by 5 mL of 22% v/v methanol, 90 mmol/L (NH4 )2 HPO4 , and 0.07% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (with pH adjusted to 10.0 by ammonium hydroxide solution), ramping for 10 min to 71°C, and holding for 11 min. The method has good extraction performance for total arsenic in the spiked and nonspiked chicken tissues (104.0 ± 13.8% and 91.6 ± 7.8%, respectively), except for the ones with arsenic contents close to the quantitation limits. Limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) for As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p-arsanilic acid, and roxarsone in chicken tissues using this method were 0.012, 0.058, 0.039, 0.061, 0.102, and 0.240 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively.

Determination of arsenic species in Solanum Lyratum Thunb using capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…The complete extraction and separation of As species were two key points to accurately determine the concentration of As species in medicinal plants . MAE is an effective and novel process for extracting As species from sea foods and biological samples because of its higher extraction efficiency, lower reagent consumption and shorter extracting time than conventional extraction methods .…”

Fast extraction methodologies for the determination of toxic arsenic in meat

“…Arsenic may reach meat by two main sources: i) trough plants growing in naturally As‐rich soils or industrially polluted with As soils, ii) through organoarsenicals drugs used in poultry production (Püssa, ). These organoarsenicals, which have low toxicity to animals, can be metabolised to the more toxic As(III) and As(V) (Conklin et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ; Liu et al ., ) and through repeated annual poultry litter applications to agricultural soils may result in arsenic build‐up in soil and lead to plant uptake and subsequent transfer to the human food chain (Cui et al ., ).…”

“…Moreover, low levels of As species require low limits of detection on the determination method thus high sensitivity techniques. Analytical methods recently employed in arsenic speciation in meat samples involve traditional liquid–liquid extraction (Conklin et al ., ), ultrasounds extraction (Monasterio et al ., ; Batista et al ., ; Guo et al ., ; Liu et al ., ), accelerated solvent extraction (Cui et al ., ) and microwave‐assisted extraction (Zhang et al ., ), in combination with chromatographic separation of species. Liquid chromatography coupled to HG‐AFS (Monasterio et al ., ; Cui et al ., ) and mostly inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) (Fontcuberta et al ., ; Mao et al ., ; Yang et al ., ; Batista et al ., ; Guo et al ., ; Peng et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ; Liu et al ., ) and ion chromatography coupled to ICP‐MS (Conklin et al ., ), and capillary electrophoresis coupled to ICP‐MS (Liu et al ., ) have been employed for As speciation.…”

Rapid determination of the volatile components in tobacco by ultrasound‐microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

“…It combines microwave radiation with traditional solvent extraction, with the advantage of the simplicity, shorter extraction time, high extraction rate, and low sample consumption. The efficiency of MAE is influenced by many factors, including extraction solvent, extraction temperature and time, as well as liquid‐to‐solid ratio .…”